Imam Al-Shawkani and the Significance of His Tafsir: With a Focus on His Use of Poetry in Explaining the Meanings of Quranic Verses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21015/vfast-tir.v12i2.2001Abstract
Imam Al-Shawkani (1173–1250 AH / 1760–1834 CE) stands as one of the foremost scholars in the field of Islamic jurisprudence, theology, and Quranic exegesis. This paper examines the unique features of his Quranic commentary, focusing specifically on his strategic use of classical Arabic poetry to clarify and elaborate on the meanings of Quranic verses.The study investigates how Al-Shawkani utilized poetic references to enrich the understanding of linguistic nuances, cultural contexts, and rhetorical expressions within the Quran. By referencing relevant examples from his tafsir, the research demonstrates the depth of his literary acumen and his ability to connect Quranic themes with the broader Arabic literary tradition.The findings of this study emphasize the scholarly value of Al-Shawkani’s methodology, revealing how his integration of poetry serves not only as a linguistic aid but also as a bridge between the Quran’s divine message and the cultural fabric of Arabic poetry. This paper concludes that his work remains a significant contribution to Quranic studies, offering valuable insights for contemporary scholars and students of Islamic Studies.
References
Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/224, Mu’jam al-Mu’allifin 3/541.
Shawkan: A village in Yemen, near Dhammar. Abu Saad stated that Shawkan is a settlement in the vicinity of Khabaran, between Sarakhis and Abuward, associated with Atiq bin Muhammad bin Abis Abu al-Wafa al-Shawkani, and Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Ali bin Muhammad Abu Abdullah al-Shawkani al-Maliki, whose father was a well-known scholar in Khorasan. See: Mu’jam al-Buldan al-Hamawi 3/373.
See: Al-Mawsu’a al-Yamaniya 3/1789.
Sana’a: Two places, one in Yemen (the major one) and another in the Ghouta region of Damascus. The Yemeni Sana’a was originally known as Azal, and after the Abyssinians arrived, they called the mountain “Nim” which means “look,” and the city was named Sana’a, meaning “fortified” due to its stone construction. According to Abu al-Fadl, there was a village near Damascus by the same name, which is now in ruins. Many scholars have been associated with it. See: Mu’jam al-Buldan al-Hamawi 3/498.
See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/224, Mu’jam al-Mu’allifin 3/541.
One of the scholars of the Quran in Sana’a. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/215.
Al-Mahdi: Ahmad bin al-Hasan bin al-Qasim, from the descendants of al-Hadi ila al-Haqq, was a Zaydi Imam of Yemen. He was elected as Imam after the death of his uncle Ismail bin al-Qasim in 1087 AH, and his rule continued until his death. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/43.
I browsed the available biographies but could not find a translation of this individual.
Al-Hariri: Muhammad bin Ali bin Ahmad al-Hariri al-‘Amili, a poet and one of the prominent literary figures of his time. He hailed from Damascus. He worked in silk manufacturing, which led to his nickname. He traveled to Persia (Iran), where he gained recognition and eventually died there. See: Khulasat al-Athar 4/49, Al-A’lam by Al-Zirikli 6/294.
Ibn al-Hajib: Osman bin Umar bin Abi Bakr bin Yunus, Abu Amr Jamal al-Din Ibn al-Hajib, a Maliki jurist, and one of the prominent Arabic scholars of his time. He was of Kurdish origin and born in Asna (Upper Egypt), grew up in Cairo, and lived in Damascus before dying in Alexandria. See: Wafayat al-A’yan 1/314, Miftah al-Saada 1/117.
Al-Sa’d al-Taftazani: Mas’ud bin Umar bin Abdullah al-Taftazani, Sa’d al-Din, a prominent scholar in Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Born in Tiftazan (Khorasan), he was exiled by Timur to Samarkand, where he passed away and was buried in Tiftazan. He had a slight speech impediment. See: Miftah al-Saada 1/165, Al-Durr al-Kamina 4/350.
Al-Qazwini: Ali bin Umar bin Ali al-Katibi al-Qazwini, Najm al-Din, also known as Dabeeran, a philosopher and logician, student of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. See: Fawat al-Wafayat 2/66.
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Fath al-Qadir by al-Shawkani 1/6.
See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/224.
See: Fath al-Qadir 1/7.
See: Al-Fath al-Rabbani 1/25, Al-Badr al-Tali’ .217-2/215.
See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/334.
See: Fath al-Rabbani from Fatawa al-Imam al-Shawkani 1/26.
See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/224.
See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, .223-2/219.
His book on the biographies of the scholars of the Ummah. (Researcher).
Ali: Ali bin Muhammad bin Abdullah bin al-Hasan, one of the great scholars of Sana’a, born in 1130 AH, and later moved to Shawkan, a village of the Sahamiya region, where he passed away in 1211 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/214.
Abdulrahman bin Qasim: A scholar in the city who moved to Sana’a and studied Islamic jurisprudence there. He was a teacher to many students. He passed away in Dhul-Qada 1211 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/337.
He was a jurist and expert in the science of inheritance. He had a speech impediment, and people often found it difficult to understand him. He passed away in the months of Rajab or Sha’ban, 1197 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/63.
Ismail bin al-Hasan bin Ahmad, a prominent scholar in Sana’a, grew up there and studied under leading scholars. He passed away in Safar 1206 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/145.
He was one of the most prominent scholars of Khawlan, a jurist and a hadith scholar. He passed away in Dhul-Hijjah 1206 AH.
See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/335.
He was a master in grammar, morphology, logic, rhetoric, jurisprudence, hadith, and tafsir. He was born in 1150 AH and passed away in Safar 1228 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/380.
He was a scholar, judge, and hadith scholar in Sana’a. Born in 1048 AH, he studied under notable figures like Sayyid ’Izz al-Din al-‘Abali and others. He passed away in 1119 AH, though some sources suggest 1115 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/231.
He was a master in grammar, morphology, logic, rhetoric, and hadith. Born on the 18th night of Ramadan, 1169 AH, he passed away in Ramadan 1223 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/18.
Born in Shahara in 1143 AH or 1139 AH, he was a scholar who excelled in every science and was known for his wisdom and composure. He passed away on the 27th of Ramadan, 1207 AH. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/416.
Born around 1160 AH, he was recognized for his expertise in inheritance, mathematics, and geometry. He surpassed all his peers in these subjects, and people relied on him for their education in these fields. See: Al-Badr al-Tali’, 1/244.
See: Fath al-Qadir by al-Shawkani 1/6.
See: Fihras al-Fiharis 2/1088, 1086, and Al-Badr al-Tali’, 2/218.
See: Hajr al-‘Ilm wa Ma’aqiluh fi al-Yaman 3/2276.
See: Manahil al-‘Irfan fi ‘Ulum al-Quran 1/431.
See: Same reference 1/471.
See: Abjad al-‘Uloom 3/202, Fath al-Qadir 1/12.
Fath al-Qadir 1/17.
Ubayy bin Ka’b bin Qais bin Ubayd, from the Banu Najjar clan of the Khazraj, was known as Abu al-Mundhir. He was a learned scholar before Islam and became one of the scribes of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). He participated in all the major battles and played a key role in the collection of the Quran during the time of Uthman. He is reported to have narrated 164 hadiths. See: Ghayat al-Nihaya 1/31, Sifat al-Safwa 1/188.
See: Musnad of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Hadith Number: 21219, and Al-Tirmidhi (Chapter on Surah Al-Ikhlas), Hadith Number: 3364.
Anas ibn Malik ibn al-Nadr ibn Dhamdham al-Ansari al-Khazraji, Abu Thumama or Abu Hamza, narrated 2286 hadiths. He was born in Medina, accepted Islam as a child, and served the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) until his passing. He then traveled to Damascus, and later to Basra, where he died. He was the last companion to die in Basra. See: Tabqat Ibn Sa’d 7/10 and Tadhhib al-Isabah by Ibn Asakir 3/139.
Surah Al-Ikhlas, Verse 1.
See: Shuab al-Iman by Al-Bayhaqi, Hadith Number: 2311.
See: Al-Azamah by Al-Asbahani (Chapter on the Verses of Our Lord) 1/380, and Fath al-Qadeer 5/613.
Surah Al-Ikhlas, Verse 2.
A verse in the long poetic meter by Hind bint Ma’bad. See: Khazinat al-Adab and Lub Lubab Lisan al-Arab 11/269.
See: Fath al-Qadeer 5/636.
Surah Al-Ikhlas, Verse 1.
Fath al-Qadeer 5/633.
Surah Saba, Verse 10.
Sibawayh: His full name is Amr ibn Osman ibn Qanbar al-Harithi al-Basri, Abu Bishr, known as Sibawayh, the Imam of grammarians, and the first to elaborate on the science of grammar. He was born in one of the villages of Shiraz and moved to Basra, where he became a student of Khalil ibn Ahmad. He authored the famous "Kitab Sibawayh," a masterpiece in grammar, which has no equal before or after him. He later traveled to Baghdad and died young. See: Ibn Khalkan 1/385 and Tarikh Baghdad 12/195.
Abu Amr ibn al-Ala: Zaban ibn Ammar al-Tamimi al-Mazni al-Basri, Abu Amr, one of the seven famous Quran reciters. He was born in Mecca, grew up in Basra, and died in Kufa. Abu Ubaida said he was the most knowledgeable in literature, Arabic, Quran, and poetry. See: Fawat al-Wafayat 1/164 and Ibn Khalkan 1/386.
Abu Ishaq al-Zajjaj: Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Sari ibn Sahl al-Zajjaj, the grammarian. He was an expert in literature and religion, authoring several books including "Tafseer al-Quran" and "Al-Amali." See: Wafayat al-A’yan 1/50.
Al-Kisai: His full name is Ali ibn Hamza ibn Abdullah al-Asadi al-Kufi, known as Al-Kisai, a leading figure in linguistics, grammar, and Quranic recitation. He was born in one of the villages of Kufa, learned grammar later in life, traveled extensively, and resided in Baghdad, where he taught the Abbasid caliphs. He passed away in Rey at the age of 70. See: Ghayat al-Nihayah 1/535 and Ibn Khalkan 1/330.
Musallama ibn Abdul Malik: A renowned military commander from the Umayyad period in Damascus, famous for his expeditions. He led 120,000 men to invade Constantinople under his brother, Caliph Sulayman. His brother Yazid later appointed him as governor of Iraq and Armenia, where he died in Syria. See: Tadhhib al-Tadhhib 10/144.
Fath al-Qadeer 4/362.
Al-Zamakhshari: His full name is Mahmoud ibn Omar ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi al-Zamakhshari, also known as "Jaar Allah," an expert in religious sciences, Quranic exegesis, linguistics, and literature. He was born in the village of Zamakhshar (in Khwarazm), spent time in Mecca, and then returned to his hometown, where he passed away. See: Wafayat al-A’yan 2/81 and Irshad al-Arib 7/147.
Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 179.
Fath al-Qadeer 1/203.
Fath al-Qadeer 1/12.
Ibn Manzur: His full name is Muhammad ibn Mukarram ibn Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Habqah al-Ansari al-Afriki, who was also known as the author of Lisan al-Arab, the most famous Arabic dictionary. He was born in Cairo, or according to some sources, in Tripoli, in 630 AH / 1232 CE. See: Fawat al-Wafayat 2/265 and Al-A’lam 7/108.
See: Lisan al-Arab (Shahada), 1/238.
Al-Jurjani: His full name is Yusuf ibn Ali ibn Muhammad, Abu Ya’qub al-Jurjani (d. after 522 AH). He was a Hanafi jurist and scholar, author of "Khanat al-Akmal," an important work on Hanafi jurisprudence. See: Siyar A’lam al-Nubala 12/286 and Al-A’lam 8/242.
Book of Definitions, 1/124.
Al-Zabidi: His full name is Ahmad ibn Ahmad ibn Abdul Latif al-Sharji, known as al-Zabidi, a scholar from Yemen in his time. He was known for his "Al-Tajreed al-Sareeh" (a summary of Sahih al-Bukhari). See: Al-Daw’ al-Lami 1/214 and Lahdh al-Alhadh 259.
Taj al-Aroos 1/71.
Refutation of the Book on Pre-Islamic Poetry by Muhammad Khidr Hussein, p. 204.
Ibn Abbas: Abdullah ibn Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib, the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), known as the "Hibr al-Ummah." He was born in Mecca, grew up during the early days of Islam, and served as a key companion to the Prophet, narrating over 1660 hadiths. See: Al-Isabah, Hadith Number: 4772.
Al-Bayan wa al-Tabyeen by Al-Jahiz, 1/84.
"The Fundamentals of Arabic Syntax" by Dr. Muhammad Abdul, p. 122.
Imru’ al-Qays: His full name is Imru’ al-Qays ibn Hujr ibn al-Harith al-Kindi, (circa 130 - 80 BCE). One of the most famous pre-Islamic poets and known for his legendary "Mu’allaqat" poem. He was from Najd or from the region of al-Sakask in Yemen. His father was a king of Asad and Ghatafan. See: Al-Aghani 9/77 and Tadhhib Ibn Asakir 3/104.
Al-A’sha: His full name is Maimun ibn Qais ibn Jundal, from Banu Qais ibn Thalabah al-Wa’ili, Abu Basir, known as "Al-A’sha" due to his poor eyesight. He was one of the prominent poets of pre-Islamic Arabia and a contributor to the "Mu’allaqat." See: Ma’ahid al-Tanassis 1/196 and Khazinat al-Baghdadi 1/84.
Lubayd: His full name is Lubayd ibn Rabi’ah ibn Malik, Abu Aqil al-Amiri, one of the distinguished poets of pre-Islamic Arabia. He converted to Islam and is considered one of the "Mu’allaqat" poets. See: Al-Shi’r wa al-Shu’ara 231-243.
Hassan: His full name is Hassan ibn Thabit ibn al-Mundhir al-Khazraji, Abu Walid, a companion of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and the poet of the Prophet. He was one of the early converts to Islam and one of the "Mu’allaqat" poets. See: Tadhhib al-Tadhhib 2/247 and Al-Isabah 1/326.
Jarir: His full name is Jarir ibn Atiyyah ibn Huzayfah al-Khatfi, from Banu Kalb, (28 - 110 AH). He was one of the greatest poets of his time and is known for his sharp wit and satire. He was born and died in Yamama. See: Wafayat al-A’yan 1/102 and Al-A’lam 2/119.
Al-Farazdaq: His full name is Hammam ibn Ghalib ibn Sa’sa’a al-Tamimi al-Darimi, Abu Faras, (d. 110 AH), a renowned poet from Basra, known for his significant contributions to the Arabic language and his rivalry with Jarir. See: Wafayat al-A’yan 2/196 and Ma’ahid al-Tanassis 1/45.
Al-Bashar: His full name is Bashar ibn Burd al-Ukayli, Abu Ma’adh, (95 - 167 AH). A poet from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, known for his mastery of riddles and satire. He died in Basra. See: Wafayat al-A’yan 1/88 and Ma’ahid al-Tanassis 1/289.
Al-Bashar: His full name is Bashar ibn Burd al-Ukayli, Abu Ma’adh, (95 - 167 AH). A poet from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, known for his mastery of riddles and satire. He died in Basra. See: Wafayat al-A’yan 1/88 and Ma’ahid al-Tanassis 1/289.
Abu Nawas: His full name is Al-Hasan ibn Hani’ ibn Abd al-Awwal al-Hakami, Abu Nawas, a famous poet from Iraq. He was born in Ahvaz and grew up in Basra. He was known for his poetry, which was at times bold and scandalous, and had connections with the Abbasid caliphs. See: Tadhhib Ibn Asakir 4/254 and Ma’ahid al-Tanassis 1/83.
See: Khazinat al-Adab 1/6.
See: History of Arabic Literary Criticism by Taha Ahmed Ibrahim, p. 100.
One of the tribes from the Sharqiya region in Egypt.
Banu Qays ’Aylan: A tribe from Mudar of the Adnanite lineage. See: Nihayat al-Arb fi Ma’rifat Ansab al-Arab 1/403.
A tribe from the northern region of Najd and the Shammar and Dusak tribes of central Najd. See: Ma’jam Qabeel al-Arab al-Qadimah wal-Hadithah 1/126.
Asad: A large tribe from the Adnanite line, descending from Asad bin Khuzaymah bin Mudarakah bin Ilyas bin Mudar bin Nizar. It has many branches, and their lands were near the Karkh area of Najd, bordering the lands of the Tayyi’ tribe. It is said that when the Asad tribe left Yemen, they overpowered the Tayyi’ tribe in the areas of Aja and Salma. See: Mu’jam Qaba’il al-‘Arab al-Qadima wal-Haditha, 1/21.
Tayy: One of the significant tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, whose chiefs are often compared in generosity and respect to the chiefs of the Shammar tribe. The present-day Tayy tribe is mostly descended from the ancient Qahtani tribe of Tayy. It consists of different branches. See: Mu’jam Qaba’il al-‘Arab al-Qadima wal-Haditha, 2/689.
Huzayl: An important tribe in the Hijaz, divided into northern and southern sections. The northern portion of Huzayl’s lands lies on the outskirts of Mecca, especially near the mountains of Badr. See: Mu’jam Qaba’il al-‘Arab al-Qadima wal-Haditha, 3/1213.
See: Kitab al-Huruf by Al-Farabi, 147, and Kitab Sibawayh, 2/192, .87-3/86
Kinanah: A prominent tribe of the Adnanite lineage, descending from Kinana bin Khuzaymah bin Mudarakah bin Ilyas bin Mudar bin Nizar. Their lands were around Mecca, and some of them later settled in Egypt in the year 545 CE. They are divided into various branches. See: Mu’jam Qaba’il al-‘Arab al-Qadima wal-Haditha, 3/997.
See: Al-Iqtirah, 56.
Ibn Jinni: Ismail ibn Jinni al-Mawṣili, known as Abu al-Fath, was a prominent scholar in linguistics and grammar. He was born in Mosul and passed away in Baghdad at around 65 years of age. His father was a Roman slave of Sulayman ibn Fadhl al-Azdi al-Mawṣili. Among his famous works are Al-Muhtasib (on irregularities in recitation), Sirr al-Ṣinā‘ah (on language), and Al-Khāṣiṣah. See: Irshad al-Arib, ,32-5/15 and Ibn Khalkan, 1/313.
See: Al-Khāṣiṣah, 2/5.
See: Same source as ??.
See: Al-Sahabi fi Fiqh al-Lughah, by Ahmad ibn Faris, 23.
A tribe whose settlements are located in the mountain range of Hijaz, between Mecca and Ta’if, specifically in the areas between the two mountains of Hijaz. It is divided into settled and nomadic branches. See: Mu’jam Qaba’il al-‘Arab al-Qadima wal-Haditha, 1/148.
A tribe from the Azd, a branch of the Qahtani lineage. They are descended from Amr ibn Rabiah, who is from Lahi’ ibn Haritha ibn Amr Maziqiya. Their settlements were located around Mecca, specifically in the area of Marr al-Zahran and its adjacent mountains. They have many branches. See: Mu’jam Qaba’il al-‘Arab al-Qadima wal-Haditha, 1/148.
A branch of the Juhaynah tribe, from the Qahtani lineage. They are the descendants of Salama ibn Nasr ibn Udayy ibn Kahal ibn Nasr ibn Malik ibn ‘Aṭfan ibn Qays ibn Juhaynah. See: Mu’jam Qaba’il al-‘Arab al-Qadima wal-Haditha, 2/538.
Rabi‘ah: A tribe from the Rabi‘ah branch of the Nizar bin Mudar family. They are known to have lived in the region between Yamamah, Bahrain, and Iraq. See: Qalā’id al-Jumān fi Ta‘ārīf Qaba’il ‘Arab al-Zamān, 1/129.
Al-Lahm: From the tribes of Najd, residing in Al-Qassim. See: "Al-Rihla Al-Hijaziyya" by Al-Betnuni, p. 54, and "The Dictionary of Arab Tribes" 3/1010.
Judham: The descendants of Judham bin ’Adi bin Al-Harith bin Murra bin ’Addad bin Zaid bin Yashjub bin Arib bin Zaid bin Kahlan. The tribe inhabited the Hismat mountains, with their settlements stretching from Madinah to Tabuk. See: "Qala'id Al-Juman" in defining the Arab tribes of the era (1/174).
Usan: A clan from the Sudf. See: "The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Arab Tribes" 2/781.
Iyad: A prominent tribe of the Adnanites, descendants of Iyad bin Nazar bin Ma’ad bin Adnan. Iyad had high status in the people of Tihama. See: "The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Arab Tribes" 1/54.
Quda’a: A large branch with differing opinions on its origin; some say it is from the Himyarite branch of the Qahtani tribe, while others claim it is from the Adnanite branch. See: "Al-Rawd Al-Anf" 1/15 and "The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Arab Tribes" 3/957.
See: Ibn Khaldun’s Introduction, p. 55.
See: "Khazinat Al-Adab", 1/55.
"Lisan Al-Arab" (Poetry) .139-7/138.
See: "Al-Tahrir Al-Adabi" by Dr. Hussein Ali Mohamed Hussein, 1/50.
Ibn Khaldun: Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad bin Muhammad, Abu Zaid, a philosopher, historian, social scientist, and researcher, originally from Seville and raised in Tunisia. He was eloquent, handsome, wise, sincere, and ambitious. See: "Al-Daw' Al-Lami'" 4/145 and "Al-A'lam" by Al-Zarkali 3/329.
Ibn Khaldun’s Introduction, p. 532.
"Jewels of Literature in the Arts and Rhetoric of the Arabic Language" 2/23.
Ibn Qutaybah: Ahmad bin Abdullah bin Muslim, Abu Ja’far, a judge from Baghdad who became the head of the judicial system in Egypt in 321 AH. He was recognized for his scholarship in literature and writing. He passed away in Egypt. See: "Inbah Al-Rawat" 1/45 and "The Dictionary of Writers" 3/103.
See: "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 1/65.
See: "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 1/65.
"Lisan Al-Arab" (Wakal) 15/438.
See: "Khazinat Al-Adab" and "Lub Labab Lisan Al-Arab" 3/272.
See: "Khazinat Al-Adab" and "Lub Labab Lisan Al-Arab" 3/272.
See: "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 1/67.
Al-Sharif Al-Murtada attributed her to Al-Mudrib, who was ’Uqba bin Ka’b bin Zuhayr bin Abi Salma. See: "Al-Amali" 2/110.
See: "Al-Sina’atayn" 1/59.
Labid: Labid bin Rabi’a bin Malik bin Ja’far bin Kilab Al-’Amiri. His father was known as "Rabi’ Al-Muqattirin" for his generosity. He was killed by Banu Asad in a conflict between them and his tribe. Labid embraced Islam later and recited only one verse in Islam: "Praise be to Allah, for He did not let me meet my death until He clothed me in Islam." See: "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 1/266.
See: "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 1/59.
Al-Khalil Al-‘Aruzi: Al-Khalil bin Ahmad bin Amr bin Tamim Al-Farahidi Al-Azdi Al-Yahmadi, Abu Abdur Rahman, one of the greatest scholars of language and literature, and the founder of the science of Arabic prosody (Al-‘Aruz). He was a student of Sibawayh the grammarian. See: "Wafayat Al-A’yan" 1/172 and "Inbah Al-Rawat" 1/341.
See: "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 1/71.
"Tareekh Adab Al-‘Arab" 3/51.
See: "Tareekh Al-Adab Al-Arabi" (The Pre-Islamic Period) by Ahmad Shawqi, 1/189.
See: the same reference as above.
See: "Tareekh Adab Al-‘Arab" 3/95.
See: "Tareekh Adab Al-‘Arab" 3/54.
Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-As bin Wa’il bin Hisham bin Sa’id bin Sa’d bin Sahm bin Amr bin Hissis bin Ka’b, a companion. See: "The Dictionary of Companions" by Ibn Qan’ah 2/84.
See: "Sunan Al-Daraqutni" (On the Chapter of Reports from Single Narrators) Hadith No. 4708.
Abdullah bin Rawaha bin Tha’laba Al-Ansari, from the Khazraj, Abu Muhammad, a companion and one of the prominent poets. He witnessed the battles of Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, and Hudaybiyyah. He was appointed as a deputy by the Prophet during one of his military expeditions. See: "Tahdhib Al-Tahdhib" 5/212 and "Tabaqat Ibn Sa’d" 3/79.
Hassan bin Thabit bin Al-Mundhir Al-Khazraji Al-Ansari, Abu Al-Walid, the Prophet’s poet, a notable figure who lived sixty years in the pre-Islamic period and sixty years in Islam. He was the poet of the Prophet. See: "Tahdhib Al-Tahdhib" 2/247 and "Al-Issabah" 1/326.
Ka’b bin Malik bin Amr bin Al-Qin, Al-Ansari Al-Salmi, a companion and one of the greatest poets, born in Medina. He was renowned in the pre-Islamic era and continued to be a poet in Islam. He participated in most of the Prophet’s battles. See: "Al-Aghani" 15/29 and "Al-Issabah" T 7433.
Ka’b bin Zuhayr bin Abi Salma Al-Mazani, Abu Al-Mudrib, an elite poet from Najd. He was famous in the pre-Islamic era, but after Islam appeared, he mocked the Prophet and insulted the Muslim women. The Prophet ordered his blood to be shed, but Ka’b came as a fugitive, converted to Islam, and was pardoned. See: "Khazinat Al-Adab" by Al-Baghdadi 4:11.
Surah Ash-Shu’ara, Verse 227.
Surah Ash-Shu’ara, Verse 227.
See: "Al-Musannaf" in reports and narrations (Chapter on Exemptions in Poetry) Hadith No. 26051.
See: "Lisan Al-Arab" (Bayn) 1/694.
See: "Arabic Rhetoric" 2/126.
See: "Jewels of Rhetoric in Meaning, Expression, and Ornamentation" 1/217.
See: His Diwan, p. 69, and "Hamasah Al-Basriyah" by Abu Faraj 2/207.
Surah As-Saffat, Verse 39.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 4/453.
See: "Lisan Al-Arab" 4/434 (Shawr) and 13/10 (Athan), and "Taj Al-‘Arus" (Athan). Ibn Umm Sahib: His name was Qa’nab bin Dhumrah, from Banu Abdullah bin Ghatafan, a poet of the Umayyad era. See: "Samta Al-Lali" 362 and "Al-Tabrizi" 4/12.
Surah Al-Inshiqaq, Verse 5.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 5/492.
See: Her Diwan, p. 386, and "Al-Khansa’a" (Tumarah bint Amr) from Banu Sulaym, from Mudar, one of the greatest female poets. She lived mostly in the pre-Islamic period, but embraced Islam later. See: "Ma’ahid Al-Tansis" p. 348 and "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 123.
Surah Ash-Shura, Verse 32.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 4/617.
See: "Al-Iidah fi ‘Uloom Al-Balagha" 3/202.
His original phrase was: "Like the lion’s fierce pride." See: "Al-Mahrar Al-Wajeez" in the interpretation of the noble Qur’an 5/399 and "Al-Durr Al-Masun" in the sciences of the Qur’an 10/558.
Surah Al-Muddathir, Verse 51.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 5/400.
See: "Hamasah Al-Maghribiyah" 2/824, and Duraid: Duraid bin Al-Summa Al-Jushami Al-Bakri, from Hawazin, a brave warrior and poet, living in the pre-Islamic period and fought in over a hundred battles. He did not embrace Islam but was killed on the Day of Hunayn. See: "Al-Aghani" Dar Al-Kutub 40-10/3.
Surah Al-Ahzab, Verse 26.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 4/316.
See: His Diwan, p. 81. He is Yazid bin Salama bin Samirah, from Banu Qaysh bin Kab, from ’Amir bin Sa’sa’a, a poet of the Umayyad era. His nickname was "Abu Al-Makshuh." He was descended from Banu "Thar" from ’Anaz bin Wa’il. See: "Wafayat Al-A’yan" 2/299 and "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 392.
"Lisan Al-Arab" (Zaq) 6/64.
"Lisan Al-Arab" (Zahr) 6/107.
Surah Al-Ma’arij, Verse 4.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 5/345.
See: His Diwan, p. 33, and "Al-Iidah fi ‘Uloom Al-Balagha" 3/82, and "Taj Al-‘Arus" 25/395 (Zaraq).
Surah As-Saffat, Verse 94.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 5/191.
See: "Al-‘Umda fi Mahasin Al-Shi’r wa Adabih" 1/288, Dar Al-Jil, and "Al-Taraz" 2/109.
See: His Diwan 1/46.
Surah Ar-Rahman, Verse 76.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 5/172.
See: "Al-Hayawan" by Al-Jahiz 4/330 and "Al-Ma’ani Al-Kabir fi Abiyat Al-Ma’ani" 2/671. Al-Kadhab Al-Harmazi: His name was Abdullah bin Al-Awra. He was known as "the liar" due to his falsehoods. See: "Al-Shi’r wa Al-Shu’ara" 2/673.
Surah Al-Muddathir, Verse 35.
"Fath Al-Qadir" 5/397.
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