The Role of Reconciliation in Financial Disputes: A Sharia Study
Abstract
This research explores the critical role of reconciliation (Sulh) in resolving financial disputes within the framework of Islamic law. The study provides an extensive Sharia analysis on the mechanisms and principles that guide the resolution of financial conflicts, emphasizing the importance of Sulh as both a prophetic practice and a judicial principle. By examining various sources of Islamic jurisprudence, including the Quran, Hadith, and rulings of Islamic scholars, this paper delineates the conditions and processes through which reconciliation can be achieved in financial matters. The study highlights case studies and historical instances where Sulh was effectively utilized to resolve disputes, demonstrating its practical applications and benefits in contemporary financial transactions. The findings suggest that embracing reconciliation not only aligns with Islamic legal traditions but also enhances the efficiency and harmony of financial dealings. This study contributes to the understanding of Islamic financial jurisprudence and offers valuable insights for scholars, legal practitioners, and individuals engaged in financial transactions within Islamic contexts.
References
Al-Nisā' 4:128
Al-Ḥujurāt 49:10
Nawawī, Sharaf Yaḥyá ibn Sharaf, Taḥrīr al-Fawād al-Tanbīyah, Dār al-Qalam, Damascus, 1408 AH, p. 201
Al-Anfāl 8:61
Ibn Ḥamām, Kamāl al-Dīn, Fatḥ al-Qadīr, Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 1415 AH, vol. 7, p. 28
Dardīr, Aḥmad, Abū al-Barakāt, Al-Sharḥ al-Ṣaghīr, Dār Ṣādir, Beirut, 1989 CE, vol. 3, p. 405
Sharḥ Rawḍ al-Ṭālib min Asnā al-Maṭālib, Al-Maktabah al-Islāmiyyah, Riyadh, Egypt, 1313 AH, vol. 2, p. 214
Ibn Qudāmah, ‘Abdullāh bin Aḥmad, Muqaddasī, Al-Mughnī, Hajr Lil Ṭibāh wa al-Nashr, Cairo, 1409 AH, vol. 7, p. 5
Ibn al-Athīr, Al-Mubārak bin Jazrī, Abū al-Sa‘ādāt, Al-Nihāyah fī Ghareeb al-Ḥadīth wa al-Athar, Maktabah al-Amaliyyah, Beirut
Suyūṭī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Abī Bakr, Imam, Al-Ishbā wa al-Nazā'ir fī Qawā'id wa Furū‘ Fiqh al-Shāfi‘iyyah, Dār al-Bayān al-‘Arabī, Cairo, p. 194
‘Asqalānī, Aḥmad bin ‘Alī, Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-Bārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Dār al-Ma‘rifah, Beirut, 1379 AH, Kitāb al-Ḥajj, Bāb al-Khuṭbah Ayyām Minā
Muslim bin Ḥajjāj, Imam, Abū al-Ḥasan, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Dār al-Salām, Riyadh, 2004 CE, Kitāb al-Birr wa al-Ṣilah, Bāb Taḥrīm Ẓulm al-Muslim wa Khizlah wa Iḥtiqāruh wa Damuh wa Ardih, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2564
Dār Qutnī, ‘Alī bin ‘Umar bin Aḥmad, Sunan Dār Qutnī, Mu'assasat al-Risālah, Beirut, Lebanon, 2004 CE, vol. 3, p. 261
Al-Nisā' 4:5
Al-Baqarah 2:188
Qurṭubī, Muḥammad bin Aḥmad, Abū ‘Abdillāh, Maliki, Al-Jāmi‘ li Aḥkām al-Qur'ān, Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyyah, Cairo, vol. 5, p. 150
Al-Baqarah 2:29
An-Nūr 24:33
Al-Ḥadīd 57:7
Al-Baqarah 2:167
Al-Baqarah 2:166
Al-Layl 92:5
At-Taghābun 64:15
Al-Munāfiqūn 63:9
Tirmidhī, Abū ‘Īsā Muḥammad bin ‘Īsā, Jāmi‘ at-Tirmidhī, Imām ‘Īsa Īnd Kampanī, Karājī, s.n., Kitāb Ṣafḥ al-Qiyāmah, Bāb al-Qiyāmah, vol. 4, p. 612
Al-Fajr 89:20
Al-‘Ādiyāt 100:8
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Īmān, Bāb al-Dalīl ‘Alá Ann Man Qaṣada Akhdh Māl Ghayrih bi Ghayri Ḥaqq Kān al-Qāṣid ..., Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 140
An-Nisā' 4:128
Al-Baqarah 2:280
Al-Jāmi‘ li Aḥkām al-Qur'ān by Qurṭubī, vol. 3, p. 374
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Musāqah, Bāb Faḍl Anẓār al-Mu‘assir, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1563
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Dhikr wa al-Du'ā, Bāb Faḍl al-Ijtima' 'Alā Tilāwat al-Qur'ān, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2699
Sharḥ Muslim by al-Nawawī, vol. 17, p. 21
Sunan Tirmidhī, Kitāb al-Buyū‘, Bāb Mā Jā'a fī Intiẓār al-Mu‘assir wa al-Riqq bih, vol. 3, p. 590
Ibn al-‘Arabī, Muḥammad bin ‘Abdullāh, Abū Bakr, ‘Āridat al-Aḥwadhī bi Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Tirmidhī, Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, Beirut, Lebanon, 1995 CE, vol. 1, p. 43
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Musāqah, Bāb Faḍl Anẓār al-Mu‘assir, vol. 3, p. 49
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Buyū‘, Bāb Man Anẓar Mu‘assiran, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2078
Sunan at-Tirmidhī, Kitāb al-Buyū‘, Bāb Mā Jā’a fī Anẓār al-Mu‘assir wa al-Rifq bih, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1306
See, p. 34
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Ṣalāh, Bāb al-Taqāḍī wal-Mulāzamah fī al-Masjid, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 457
Aḍīm Ābādī, Shams al-Ḥaqq, Abū al-Ṭayyib, ‘Awn al-Ma‘būd, Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Bayrūt, Lubnān, 9/374
Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8/98
‘Awn al-Ma‘būd, 9/374
Fatḥ al-Bārī, 5/651
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Muṣāqāh, Bāb Faḍl Anẓār al-Mu‘assir, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1563
Nīsāpūrī, Muḥammad bin ‘Abdullāh, Abū ‘Abdullāh, Al-Mustadrak ‘alā al-Ṣaḥīḥayn, Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, Bayrūt, Lubnān, 1990 AD, 2/34
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Hibah wa Fadlihā wa al-Tahdīd ‘alayhā, Bāb Idhā Wahab Dīnan ‘alā Rajul, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2601
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Hibah wa Fadlihā, Bāb Idhā Wahhab Dīnan ‘alā Rajul, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2601
Sunan al-Tirmidhī, Kitāb al-Buyū‘, Bāb al-Ḥayānah wa al-Ghush, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1940
Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān bin Ash‘ath, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, Dār al-Fikr, Bayrūt, Lubnān, 1994 AD, Kitāb al-Aqdiyah, Bāb Min al-Qaḍā’, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 3636
Sunan Abī Dāwūd, Kitāb al-Buyū‘, Bāb Fī al-Rajul Yakul Min Māl Waladih, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 3528
Kitāb Abī Dāwūd, Kitāb al-Buyū‘, Bāb Fī al-Rajul Ya’kul Min Māl Waladih, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 3530
Shawkānī, Muḥammad bin ‘Alī bin Muḥammad, Nīl al-Awṭār min Muntiq al-Akhbār min Aḥādīth Sayyid al-Akhbār, Maktabah Dār al-Turāth, Qāhirah, 6/12
Al-Baqarah 2:182
Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd bin ‘Umar, ‘Allāmah, Tafsīr al-Kashshāf, Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī, Bayrūt, 1417 AH, 1/334
Rāzī, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Muḥammad, Ḥāfiẓ, Abī Ḥātim, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm, Maktabah Nazār Muṣṭafá al-Bāz, Makkah al-Mukarramah, 1997 AD, 1/303
Al-Nisā' 4:13
Ibn Manṣūr, Sa‘īd bin Manṣūr, Khurāsānī, Sunan Sa‘īd, Kitāb al-Tafsīr, Bāb Sūrat al-Baqarah, Dār al-Ṣamī‘ī lil-Nashr wal-Tawzī‘, 1993 AD, 2/674
Rāzī, Muḥammad bin Ziyā’ al-Dīn, Fakhr al-Dīn, Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth, Bayrūt, 1415 AH, 5/73
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Anbiyā', Bāb al-Ghār, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 3472; Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Aqḍiyah, Bāb Istiḥbāb Islāḥ al-Ḥākim Bayna al-Mutakhāsimīn, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1721
Qurṭubī, Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm, Al-Mufhim limā Ashkala min Takhṣīṣ Kitāb Muslim, Dār Ibn Kathīr, Dimashq, Bayrūt, 1991 CE, 5:179
An-Nisā' 4:4
Al-Baqarah 2:23
An-Nisā' 4:4
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Ṣulḥ, Bāb al-Ṣulḥ Bayna al-Ghurmā' wa Aṣḥāb al-Mīrāth, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2709
Ṣan'ānī, ʿAbd ar-Razzāq ibn Ḥamām, Abū Bakr, Musannaf ʿAbd ar-Razzāq, Al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1970 CE, Kitāb al-Buyū', Bāb al-Murā'ah Taṣālaḥ ʿalā Thamnihā, 8:289
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Muẓālim, Bāb Lā Yumanīʿ Jār Jārihi Yaghraz Khushbatan Fī Jadārih, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2463; Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Masāqah, Bāb Ghurz al-Ḥanshub, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1609
Māzirī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar, Imām, Al-Muʿallim bifawā'id al-Muslim, Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, Bayrūt, Lubnān, 1992 CE, 5:317
Ibn al-ʿArabī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh, Qāḍī, ʿArūḍat al-Aḥwadhī bi Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Tirmidhī, Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, Bayrūt, Lubnān, 1995 CE, 6:105
ʿAynī, Maḥmūd ibn Aḥmad, Badr al-Dīn, ʿUmdat al-Qārī, Idārat al-Ṭibāʿah al-Munīrīyah, Miṣr, 1348 AH, 13:10
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Masāqah, Bāb Qadr al-Ṭarīq idhā Ikhtalafū Fīh, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1613
Fatḥ al-Bārī, 5:412
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim bi Sharḥ al-Nawawī, 11:51
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Buyū', Bāb al-Sahūlah wa al-Samāḥah fī al-Shirā' wa al-Bayʿ wa Man Ṭalaba Ḥaqqan Fal-Yaṭalabah Fī ʿAfāf, Raqm: 2076
Sunan al-Tirmidhī, Kitāb al-Buyū', Bāb Mā Jā'a fī Istiqrāḍ al-Baʿīr aw al-Shay' min al-Ḥayawān aw al-Sinn, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1319, Wa Qāla Hādhā Ḥadīth Ghareeb
Nisā'ī, Aḥmad ibn Shaybah, Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Sunan Kūbrá, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, Bayrūt, 1991 CE, al-Buyū', Bāb Ḥasan al-Muʿāmalah wa al-Rifq fī al-Maṭālibah
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Istiqraḍ, Bāb Istiqraḍ al-Ibil, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2390
Ibn Mājah, Muḥammad ibn Yazīd ibn Mājah, Abū ʿAbdullāh, Sunan Ibn Mājah, Dār al-Salām, Lāhawr, 1428 AH, Kitāb al-Ṣadaqāt, Bāb Ḥasan al-Muṭālabah, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2421
Al-Mā'idah 5:2
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Dhikr wa al-Du'ā, Bāb Faḍl al-Ijtima' 'Alā Tilāwat al-Qur'ān, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 2699
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Musāqāh, Bāb Istiḥbāb al-Waḍ' min al-Dīn, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 3981
Al-Baqarah 2:282
At-Tawbah 9:60
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Buyū', Bāb Taḥrīm Bay' al-Rajul 'Alā Bay' Akhīh, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1412
Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Buyū', Bāb al-Najsh Muslīm, al-Buyū', Bāb Taḥrīm Rubā'i al-Rajul 'Alā Bay' Akhīh wa Sūmih, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 1516
Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, li-Ibn Baṭāl, 6:270
Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad, Abū al-Qāsim, Al-Mu'jam al-Kabīr, Maktabat Ibn Taymiyyah, Qāhirah, 10:169, Raqm: 10234
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Buyū', Bāb Bay' al-Muqarā'ah, Raqm al-Ḥadīth: 3831
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, 'Ālam al-Kutub, Bayrūt, 2011 CE, 1:388
Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Kitāb al-Buyū', Bāb Baṭlān Bay' al-Ḥiṣā'ah wa al-Bay' al-Ladhī Fīh Ḍarr.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-By) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY
