Impact of School Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence on Followership among Teachers having Passive Followership Style
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21015/vtess.v9i4.843Abstract
Emotional intelligence is considered crucial for school leaders to enhance the performance of their followers generally. However, passive followers are considered highly dependent on the thoughts of their leaders and always wait for the orders to initiate an activity. Therefore, the research was conducted to find out the impact of school leaders’ emotional intelligence on the followership of the teachers having passive followership style. The survey consisted of 1209 respondents out of which 87 were identified as passive followers. A self-developed scale on followership and an adopted scale on emotional intelligence were used. Results revealed that passive teachers’ competence, commitment, and courage are significantly explained through school leaders’ emotional intelligence. Whereas, passive teachers’ self-management is insignificantly explained through school leaders’ emotional intelligence. Hence, the concerned authorities may focus on the emotional intelligence of the school leaders along with the followership style of the teachers at the time of their selection and professional development.
References
G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Li Badea, L., & Panӑ, N. A. (2010). The Role of Empathy in Developing the Leader's Emotional Intelligence. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 17(2).
Banutu-Gomez, M. B. (2004). Great leaders teach exemplary followership and serve as servant leaders. Journal of American Academy of Business, 4(1/2), 143-151.
Bennis, W. (2009). Crises reveal the quality of leadership. Leader to Leader, 2009(54), 27-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ltl.361
Blackshear, P. B. (2003). The followership continuum: A model for fine-tuning the workforce. Public Manager, 32(2), 25-25.
Blom, M., & Alvesson, M. (2015). Less followership, less leadership? An inquiry into the basic but seemingly forgotten downsides of leadership. M@ n@ gement, 18(3), 266-282.
Brown, T. A., & Moore, M. T. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. Handbook of structural equation modeling, 361-379.
Carsten, M. K., Uhl-Bien, M., West, B. J., Patera, J. L., & McGregor, R. (2010). Exploring social constructions of followership: A qualitative study. The leadership quarterly, 21(3), 543-562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.015
Castillo, R., Salguero, J. M., Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Balluerka, N. (2013). Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents. Journal of adolescence, 36(5), 883-892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.001
Chakrabarti, G., & Chatterjea, T. (2018). Intelligence?… emotions?… or, the emotional intelligence: Theories and evidence in global context. In Employees' Emotional Intelligence, Motivation & Productivity, and Organizational Excellence (pp. 11-49). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5759-5_2
Chaleff, I. (2009). The courageous follower: Standing up to & for our leaders. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Cherniss, C., & Goleman, D. (2001). The emotionally intelligent workplace. Jossey-Bass.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cook, G. L., Bay, D., Visser, B., Myburgh, J. E., & Njoroge, J. (2011). Emotional intelligence: The role of accounting education and work experience. Issues in Accounting Education, 26(2), 267-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2308/iace-10001
Crippen, C. (2012). Enhancing authentic leadership− followership: Strengthening school relationships. Management in Education, 26(4), 192-198.
Crippen, C. (2012). Enhancing authentic leadership− followership: Strengthening school relationships. Management in Education, 26(4), 192-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020612439084
Diamantopoulos, A., & Winklhofer, H. M. (2001). Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development. Journal of marketing research, 38(2), 269-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.38.2.269.18845
Dumitru, A., Motoi, A. G., & Budica, A. B. (2015). What kind of leader is a manager?. Annals of the University of Craiova for Journalism, Communication, and Management, 1, 50-60.
Fink, S., & Markholt, A. (2011). Leading for instructional improvement: How successful leaders develop teaching and learning expertise. John Wiley & Sons.
Gaur, N., & Gupta, V. (2017). Emotional Intelligence as Predictor of Leadership Development in Knowledge-based Organizations. International Journal of Management Research, 8(1).
Goleman, D. (1998). The emotionally competent leader. In The Healthcare Forum Journal (Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 36-38).
Goleman, D. (2013). The focused leader. Harvard business review, 91(12), 50-60.
Government of Pakistan (2009). National Education Policy 2009. Islamabad: Ministry of Education
Haynes, S. N., & Lench, H. C. (2003). Incremental validity of new clinical assessment measures. Psychological assessment, 15(4), 456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.456
Henry, B. C. (2012). Leadership models for effective change management. International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research, 1(4), 817-819.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hinić, D., Grubor, J., & Brulić, L. (2017). Followership styles and job satisfaction in secondary school teachers in Serbia. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(3), 503-520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143215623787
Jaussi, K. S., Stefanovich, A., & Devlin, P. G. (2008). Effective followership for creativity and innovation: A range of colors and dimensions.in Educational Administration and Leadership (REAL), 4(2), 407-449
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: an integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of applied psychology, 95(1), 54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017286
Kellerman, B. (2007). What every leader needs to know about followers. Harvard Business Review, 85(12), 84.
Kellerman, B. (2008). How followers are creating change and changing leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard School Press.
Kellerman, B. (2013). Leading questions: The end of leadership–redux. Leadership, 9(1), 135-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715012455132
Kelley, R. E. (1992). The power of followership: How to create leaders people want to follow, and followers who lead themselves. Broadway Business.
Kelley, R.E. (2008). Rethinking followership. In: Riggio RE, Chaleff I and Lipman-Blumen J (eds) The Art of Followership: How Great Followers Create Great Leaders and Organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 5–15
Kline, R. B. (2004). Beyond significance testing: Reforming data analysis methods in behavioral research. APA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/10693-000
Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2008). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership. School leadership and management, 28(1), 27-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430701800060
Leithwood, K., Louis, K. S., Wahlstrom, K., Anderson, S., Mascall, B., & Gordon, M. (2010). How successful leadership influences student learning: The second installment of a longer story. In Second international handbook of educational change (pp. 611-629). Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2660-6_35
Louis, K. S., Leithwood, K., Wahlstrom, K. L., Anderson, S. E., Michlin, M., & Mascall, B. (2010). Learning from leadership: Investigating the links to improved student learning (Vol. 42). New York, NY: Wallace Foundation.
Malakyan, P. G. (2014). Followership in leadership studies: A case of leader–follower trade approach. Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(4), 6-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.21306
Mannion, H., McKimm, J., & O'Sullivan, H. (2015). Followership, clinical leadership and social identity. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 76(5), 270-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2015.76.5.270
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion review, 8(4), 290-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639667
Mihelic, K. K., Lipicnik, B., & Tekavcic, M. (2010). Ethical leadership. International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS), 14(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v14i5.11
Northouse, P. G. (2012). Leadership: Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd (CA).
Notman, R., & Henry, D. A. (2011). Building and sustaining successful school leadership in New Zealand. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 10(4), 375-394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2011.610555
Petrides, K. V. (2009). Psychometric properties of the trait emotional intelligence questionnaire (TEIQue). In Assessing emotional intelligence (pp. 85-101). Springer, Boston, MA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_5
Petrides, K. V. (2010). Trait emotional intelligence theory. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2), 136-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European journal of personality, 15(6), 425-448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/per.416
Petrides, K. V., Mason, M., & Sevdalis, N. (2011). Preliminary validation of the construct of trait social intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 874-877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.029
Rajah, R., Song, Z., & Arvey, R. D. (2011). Emotionality and leadership: Taking stock of the past decade of research. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1107-1119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.09.006
Ricketts, K. G. (2009). Followership. Informally published manuscript, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Ruiz-Aranda, D., Castillo, R., Salguero, J. M., Cabello, R., Fernández-Berrocal, P., & Balluerka, N. (2012). Short-and midterm effects of emotional intelligence training on adolescent mental health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(5), 462-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.003
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185-211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Sharma, M. K., & Jain, S. (2013). Leadership management: Principles, models and theories. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(3), 309-318.
Starbuck, C. R. (2015). An investigation of the relationship between follower perceptions of leader openness to experience and follower job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 19(1), 118.
The Wallace Foundation. (2013). The school principal as leader: Guiding school leaders to better teaching and learning. Retrieved from http://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/Documents/The-School-Principal-asLeader-Guiding-Schools-to-Better-Teaching-and-Learning-2nd-Ed.pdf
Uhl-Bien, M., Riggio, R. E., Lowe, K. B., & Carsten, M. K. (2014). Followership theory: A review and research agenda. The leadership quarterly, 25(1), 83-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.007
Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from leadership theory and the contemporary challenges of leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12069
Wakeman, C. (2009). Emotional intelligence: Towards a generic framework for the 21st century. Educational futures, 2(1), 40-56.
Winston, B. E., Bekker, C., Cerff, K., Eames, D., Helland, M. R., & Garnes, D. (2006). Hope as a possible factor in the implementation of strategic plans. Unpublished manuscript, Regent University School of Leadership Studies, Virginia Beach, VA.
pschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955. (references) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1955.0005
J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-575303-6.50013-0
Broad Institute, Journal Article: Introduction (2021) https://mitcommlab.mit.edu/broad/commkit/journal-article-introduction/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-By) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY