VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
Aims, Objectives, and Scope The VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the VFAST-Research Platform. It was established in 2013 and covers the areas of Education or Social Sciences. The aim of this journal is to provide an international platform for academicians and social science researchers all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and development in the field of Education and social sciences. The journal publishes original papers including but not limited to the following fields: Inclusive Education, Early Childhood Education, ICT in Education, Economics of Education, Education Leadership and Management, Sociology of Education, Curriculum Development, Pedagogy, Linguistics, and other Social Science related areas. ISSN: 2309-3951 (Online), 2411-0221 (Print) Editor in Chief: Dr. Faisal Nawaz, COMSATS University Islamabad (Attock campus) <span class="csspropertycolor" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: red; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, 'courier new', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Important Links REGISTER SUBMISSION JOURNAL TEMPLATE EDITORIAL TEAM POLICY DOCUMENT Indexing of the Journal HEC-Y Category Google Scholar Repindex Index Copernicus Research Gate Publons Academic Naver Science Gate J-Gate S#8145 Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory/ProQuest <a href="http://sfx.princeton.edu:9003/sfx_pul/az?param_letter_group_save=&param_chinese_checkbox_type_save=Pinyin&param_current_view_save=table&param_langcode_save=en&param_pattern_save=VAWKUM+Transaction+on+Computer+Sciences&param_services2filter_save=getFullTxt&param_jumpToPage_save=&param_chinese_checkbox_save=0&param_starts_with_browse_save=0&param_sid_save=b2d32284a5f202b8c792b440b6535c2f&param_type_save=textSearch&param_lang_save=eng&param_textSearchType_save=startsWith&param_perform_save=searchTitle&param_letter_group_script_save=&param_type_value=textSearch&param_jumpToPage_value=&param_pattern_value=vfast&param_textSearchType_value=startsWith&param_starts_with_browse_value=0&not_first_load_indicator=1&param_ui_control_scripts_value=&param_chinese_checkbox_value=0">Princeton University Library University of Illinois Library World of Periodicals British Library WorldWideScience.org BASE: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine Researchbib <span class="csspropertycolor" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: red; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, 'courier new', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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The Koir as Contested Space: Wedding Rituals, Patriarchy, and Female Education in Rural Sindh
The intersection of wedding rituals, patriarchal structures, and female education in rural Sindh reveals a deeply contested social space often embodied in the "koir" (bridal chamber or women's space) where gender norms are both enforced and negotiated. Research highlights that wedding rituals serve as powerful sites for the reproduction of patriarchal values, with women positioned at the symbolic center of ceremonies but simultaneously subjected to social control and limited autonomy. Patriarchy in rural Sindh is reinforced through kinship systems, early and arranged marriages, inheritance practices, and the persistent undervaluing of female education. While education is globally recognized as a catalyst for gender equality, its impact in rural Sindh is complex: it can empower women by expanding their roles but also reinforce domestic hierarchies and expectations. Early marriage remains a significant barrier to girls' educational attainment, often justified through cultural or economic rationales. Despite legal reforms and advocacy efforts, traditional practices such as karo-kari (honor killing), dowry exchanges, and male-dominated decision-making persistently undermine women's rights and opportunities. However, women also develop strategies to negotiate within these constraints sometimes leveraging education or ritual participation to subtly challenge or reshape their roles. This review synthesizes recent scholarship on how wedding rituals act as contested spaces where patriarchy is both reproduced and resisted, with profound implications for female education in rural Sindh.
Copyright (c) 2026 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
Operation Sindoor and the 2025 India Pakistan Conflict: Strategic Escalation and Regional Stability
The 2025 India-Pakistan crisis, operationally known as Operation Sindoor by India, is the most far-reaching military engagement between the two nuclear-armed nations in the last 50 years. In response to the April 22, 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack which killed 26 civilians in Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir, India, on the evening of May 6-7, 2025, fired precision missiles and air strikes into 9 militant infrastructure targets in Azad Kashmir, controlled by Pakistani forces, and the Punjab province of Pakistan. During the next 88 hours, the two countries were involved in a historic-level of exchanges that involved over-the-horizon aeronautical conflict, drone warfare, and standoff missile attacks, the largest aeronautical conflict on the subcontinent in modern history. The article also discusses the strategic aspects of the Operation Sindoor in terms of the changing policy of deterrence of India, the pre-escalatory factors that dictated the four-day war, the counter operations of Pakistan and geopolitical consequences on the stability of the region and the world as a whole. Based on the escalation theory, deterrence theory and the concept of compellence, the study concludes that Operation Sindoor represents a paradigm shift in the strategic posture of India, that of reactive restraint into calibrated assertiveness. The article also evaluates the ceasefire of May 10, 2025 and its frail sustainability, and examines suggestions to diplomatic architecture to curb future crises in one of the most unstable nuclear neighborhoods in the world.
Exploring the Nexus Between Body Appreciation, Social Appearance Anxiety, and Life Satisfaction in Young Adults: A Systematic Review
The relationship between body appreciation, social appearance anxiety, and life satisfaction in young adults has garnered significant attention in recent years, reflecting growing concerns about mental health and well-being in the context of pervasive societal and media-driven appearance ideals. Research consistently demonstrates that higher body appreciation—a positive, accepting attitude toward one's body—is associated with greater life satisfaction and psychological well-being, while elevated social appearance anxiety is linked to lower life satisfaction and increased psychological distress. Multiple studies highlight that social appearance anxiety negatively predicts life satisfaction, with gender differences often observed—females typically report higher levels of appearance-related anxiety than males. Furthermore, interventions targeting body appreciation (e.g., self-compassion training, media literacy) show promise for improving both body image and overall well-being. The interplay among these constructs is complex, involving mediating factors such as self-esteem, loneliness, coping strategies, and cultural influences. This review synthesizes findings from cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and meta-analytic studies to provide a nuanced understanding of how body appreciation and social appearance anxiety shape life satisfaction among young adults.
AI-Based Writing Assistants in Higher Education: Impacts on Student Critical Thinking and Academic Integrity
The integration of AI-based writing assistants—such as ChatGPT, Grammarly, and QuillBot—has rapidly transformed academic writing practices in higher education. These tools offer instant feedback on grammar, coherence, and structure, and can even generate entire essays or research drafts. While many students and educators recognize the benefits of improved writing fluency, efficiency, and personalized support, significant concerns persist regarding the potential erosion of critical thinking skills and threats to academic integrity. Research highlights a dual impact: AI tools can foster self-directed learning and support skill development when thoughtfully integrated, but overreliance may diminish independent reasoning, creativity, and ethical standards. The literature underscores the need for balanced integration strategies that promote responsible use, ethical awareness, and continued development of core academic competencies. This systematic review synthesizes findings from 50 peer-reviewed studies to examine whether AI-based writing assistants negatively impact student critical thinking and academic integrity in higher education. The review reveals a nuanced picture: strong evidence supports improvements in grammar accuracy and surface-level writing skills, while moderate evidence indicates risks to independent critical thinking, particularly among less experienced writers. Academic integrity concerns are significant, with frequent use associated with increased plagiarism risk absent ethical training. Structured integration with AI literacy education and clear institutional guidelines mitigates negative effects. The review concludes with recommendations for balanced implementation that harnesses benefits while safeguarding core academic competencies.
Equity and Actionability in Bilingual Digital Pneumonia Communication in a Lower-Middle-Income Setting: A Qualitative Analysis from Pakistan
Pneumonia, a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality in Pakistan needs to be studied beyond biomedical interventions to address structural inequities, language barriers, and the role of inclusive e-health communication in improving outcomes. Caregivers often access online health information for prevention and treatment of pneumonia, yet the translation of pneumonia related information ENG-UR received little attention. In this study, seven publicly available bilingual English–Urdu materials (three pamphlets and four web pages) published after 2015 by recognised health organisations were analysed and compared against content coverage, meaning consistency, terminology used, and actionability. Although core themes were maintained across languages, systematic differences were observed: English texts were generally more explanatory, whereas Urdu versions were more directive and condensed. Guidance on urgency and care-seeking was inconsistently presented, particularly in digital formats. Findings suggest that strengthening quality assurance of bilingual health communication may enhance clarity and support more timely care-seeking and equitable access to information.
Policy, Governance, and Quality Assurance in Education Systems Comparative and Empirical Perspectives
This research article provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic interplay between educational policy frameworks, governance structures, and quality assurance mechanisms from comparative and empirical perspectives. The study traces the historical evolution of educational governance from informal, localized systems to increasingly centralized and, more recently, networked models, highlighting key legislative milestones such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) and the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015) in the United States, as well as global influences including international assessments (e.g., PISA) and neoliberal reform agendas. The analysis underscores the critical role of institutional policies, meaningful stakeholder engagement, and robust accountability systems in shaping educational equity and outcomes.Employing a cross-cultural framework, the paper examines how deeply embedded cultural values—conceptualized through dimensions such as power distance, individualism, and uncertainty avoidance—fundamentally influence pedagogical practices, definitions of quality, and the problematic transferability of so-called “best practices” across national contexts. Empirically, the study identifies persistent challenges, including fragmented quality assurance regimes, particularly for transnational education, and the implementation gaps in evidence-based policy.The investigation further analyzes contemporary and emerging trends reshaping the educational landscape: the strategic integration of cultural and educational policies to foster identity and global citizenship; the expansion of school choice and personalized learning pathways; the digital transformation of quality assurance through learning analytics and AI; and the continued drive toward the internationalization of higher education. The synthesis of findings culminates in the proposition of an Adaptive Governance Ecosystem—a flexible, context-sensitive model designed for continuous learning and improvement. The article concludes that promoting equity, quality, and global competitiveness in education necessitates moving beyond monolithic models and instead fostering adaptable, culturally attuned governance structures and innovative, evidence-informed policy approaches that are responsive to both local needs and global imperatives.
Socio-Educational Impacts of Technology and Media on Youth Behavior and Learning
The pervasive integration of digital technology and media into the daily lives of young people has fundamentally transformed the socio-educational landscape, presenting a complex duality of significant opportunities and serious challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted impacts of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on youth behavior and learning outcomes. On the positive side, technology enhances educational access through adaptive learning platforms and a wealth of online resources, fosters the development of essential soft skills like collaboration and problem-solving, and strengthens social connectivity through digital networks. It increases student engagement via interactive and gamified content and prepares youth for a digital workforce by building critical digital literacy competencies.Conversely, the report identifies and examines substantial risks associated with excessive or unguided technology use. These include growing concerns over mental health issues such as anxiety and depression linked to social media, a documented decline in attention spans affecting academic performance, and the adverse effects of cyberbullying and sedentary behavior on social relationships and physical health. Through a review of historical context and contemporary case studies, the paper highlights the inconsistent effectiveness of ICT in boosting academic achievement and underscores persistent issues of equity and digital distraction.Ultimately, the findings emphasize the critical need for a balanced, multi-stakeholder approach. This involves implementing robust policy frameworks focused on ethics and safety, promoting comprehensive digital literacy education, encouraging responsible parental mediation, and carefully integrating emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence. The goal is to strategically harness technology's potential to enrich learning and development while proactively mitigating its risks, thereby ensuring that youth are equipped to thrive in an increasingly digital world.
Digital Transformation in Higher Education: Pedagogical Innovations, Challenges, and Learning Outcomes
Digital transformation is a fundamental shift and represents an institutional change in higher education that is redefining the pedagogical approaches, institutional governance, and student learning outcomes. This paper explores the main drivers, innovations and challenges from this continuing evolution, accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic and the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It explores modern pedagogical trends such as collaborative learning, active methodologies and technology use such as blended learning and gamification that seek to increase student engagement and prepare graduates for a dynamic workforce. However, the path to successful digital integration is riddled with significant obstacles such as cultural resistance of faculty, outdated technological infrastructure, lack of professional development, financial constraints, and ongoing problems of digital equity. The study further examines the impact of digital tools on skills-based assessment, faculty performance and supported by case studies of Learning Management System (LMS) adoption and strategic planning. Looking to the future, emerging trends like Artificial Intelligence (AI), immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR), cloud computing, and blended learning models such as hybrid learning are set to transform the educational landscape. The findings highlight that sustainable digital transformation requires not only technological investment, but also institutional strategy, a cultural shift toward innovation, and a resolve to be inclusive and invest in ongoing faculty development in order to bridge extant disparities and fully realize the potential of digital education.
Assessing the impact of teachers’ behavioral practices on student learning outcomes
The classroom serves as a primary learning environment facilitating direct interaction between teachers and students. A teacher consistently inspires students, with each action directly influencing the learning process. The researcher aimed to understand the perceptions of instructors and students regarding how a teacher's differing attitudes and behaviours may positively or negatively impact the classroom learning process. Data were aggregated utilising a Likert scale and analysed as a percentage. The data collection method employed was primary, utilising a closed-ended questionnaire administered to 100 respondents, obtained through a multistage sampling process. The analytical approach employed was exploratory, concentrating on instructors' behaviour in relation to student learning. The findings demonstrate that positive teacher behaviour positively influences students, while negative teacher behaviour adversely affects them. Nevertheless, the rigorous approach of educators can result in positive outcomes in students' learning processes. The study's findings support the implementation of lenient penalties to maintain effectiveness in the educational setting. The recommendations stipulate that instructors must employ courteous language in the classroom and prohibit students from using abusive language. Increased focus on teacher training is essential to empower educators to capitalise on opportunities that enhance the integration of their knowledge, information, and commitment.
Cross-Border Fire and Fragile Ceasefires: Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in 2025
The year 2025 has seen a recurrence of border clashes between Pakistan and Afghanistan, demonstrating very clearly the deep-seated mistrust, securitized narratives, and fragile ceasefires that keep regional stability tenuous. This study, "Cross-Border Fire and Fragile Ceasefires: Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations in 2025," adopts a qualitative descriptive approach in analyzing the political, security, and discursive dimensions of the border conflict. The research applies the Securitization Theory and Realist perspective using government statements, media coverage, international reports, and policy documents to interpret how security threats are constructed by the two states and exceptional measures justified. Results indicate that though diplomatic engagements have been made, Islamabad and Kabul remain firmly set within a mutual security dilemma in which threat perceptions override cooperation. Non-state actors, particularly the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan and the Islamic State Khorasan Province, exploit border instability by intensifying violence and weakening state control. Media narratives further polarize attitudes and portray the conflict in a more nationalist and defensive tone. This paper concludes that the cross-border violence in 2025 is less a product of isolated incidents and more of an expression of rival sovereignty claims, fragile governance, and regional power contestation. Furthermore, this paper suggests that transforming the Pakistan-Afghanistan frontier from a site of confrontation to a space for cooperation and mutual security would require the joint institutionalization of border management, counterterrorism frameworks, and confidence-building measures.
From AI Ethics to AI Justice: A Comprehensive Framework for Equitable Governance in Education and Social Systems
Artificial intelligence is embedded in educational systems and social structures, which creates ethical issues that cannot be resolved at the algorithm level only. This paper provides a critical review of general AI ethics and forms an AI justice angle based on relational equality. It systematizes the criticism into three spheres: (a) conceptual - misleading labels and narrow frames of understanding that conceal the infrastructural reach of AI; (b) substantive - ignored environmental, labour and distributional harms in AI life-cycle; and (c) procedural - advisory processes where the industry dominates and expertise is limited. Based on these diagnostics the paper proceeds with actionable reforms: use accurate language and situational analyses; consider non-technical options first, and then AI solutions; involve community and civil-society actors in deliberation; and instigate sound philosophical ethics into interdisciplinary teams. The contribution of the paper is a practical justice-driven roadmap that can be used by educators, policymakers and social scientists to assess AI implementation and direct the process toward more equitable and sustainable results.
Copyright (c) 2025 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
From Deterrence to Domination: Contemporary Israeli Aggression and Its Impact on Middle Eastern Geopolitics
This paper evaluates this military paradigm shift in Israel whereby the strategy of deterrence has been changed to domination and its implications on Middle East geopolitics. In the past, Israeli security policy was characterized with existential threats, which have been characterized by deterrence by alliances and military dominance. However, the conquest of Palestine lands, failure of peace efforts, and later ones of Lebanon, Gaza and Syria, were a doctrinal shift of defense to regional hegemony. It aims at achieving three objectives; the first, it aims to examine the evolution of the doctrine of Israel, that is, from deterrence to domination; the second, it will assess the geopolitical interests of Israeli aggression in the contemporary world, including the extent of its penetration in to the countries of the Gulf region, such as Qatar; and, the third, it will determine how far this transformation threatens the international law and the stability of the region. The study uses a descriptive-analytical design, which utilizes only secondary sources, including scholarly books, peer-reviewed journal articles, and policy briefs. The theory is structured realism, which explains how systemic disequilibrium and great-power patronage stimulating states to pursue hegemonic objectives. The study confirms the growing Israeli aggression that undermines the sovereignty, destabilizes the mediation and exacerbates polarization in the Middle East, with the case of Hamas leaders being struck down by a 2025 strike in Doha. The study concludes that the shift of Israel to deterrence to domination is recreating the regional order through the destruction of the international norms and accelerating the instability. It proposes the need to countify collective regional security structures, intensifying international accountability structures, and securing neutral mediators with a view to preserving the de-escalation and conflict resolution channels.
Ecodisaster Imaginaries and Future-Oriented Mental Worlds: An Analysis of Climate Trauma in Nathaniel Rich’s Odds Against Tomorrow
The current study is an attempt to unveil Climate Trauma is Nathaniel Rich’s Odd Against Tomorrow. The field of Climate Trauma is a burgeoning field in ecocriticism which has grabbed the attention of the literary imagination, where text like Odd Against Tomorrow deals with it in a nuanced way. The novel deals with Climate Trauma where fictitious characters suffer the symptoms of Climate Trauma i.e. hallucination, flashforward, pre-anxiety and pre-traumatic stress syndrome. The major selected character, Mitchel Zukor, has severe Climate Trauma and he manifests almost all the symptoms of Climate Trauma. The current study is qualitative in nature where relevant text exhibiting Climate Trauma and its symptoms has been explored and data has been gathered through close reading where then an in-depth textual analysis has been carried out. The research paper finds that pre-traumatic stress syndrome is a real mental phenomenon caused by the anxiety about future ecological calamity in the fictious character in the novel. It unveils that Mitchel Zukor carries pre-traumatic stress syndrome which has been caused by his alienation, isolation and detachment from nature. It also unveils that his mechanistic, reductionistic and materialistic approach towards nature has caused his Climate Trauma. The study is important because it deals with a burgeoning field of Climate Trauma and ecocriticism, and it drags the attention of the researchers in literary studies to engage with this field and explore it in novel ways. The study fills in a very important gap by arguing that E Ann Kaplan’s Climate Trauma theory is largely individualistic focusing on spectacular and episodic events while ignoring the slow gradually unfolding and cumulative nature of ecologically induced mental distresses.
Pakistan-Saudi Defense Relations: Strategic, Economic, and Regional Implications
The PakistanSaudi defense agreement of September 2025 is a strategic partnership that is established based on historical collaboration, religious connection, economic interdependence, and mutual interests of security. The qualitative research design discussed in this paper is based on an interpretivist ontological and subjectivist epistemological position and utilizes secondary sources. It examines the multidimensional nature of the benefits and issues of this developing alliance, and the focus should be on the military, economic, and diplomatic benefits of Pakistan and the strategic interests of Saudi Arabia, as well as on the regional security concerns in general.The study, based on the Alliance Theory, specifically the focus on asymmetric alliances, explains how Pakistan capitalizes on its experience in operations, symbolic legitimacy and geostrategic position to enhance Saudi security without becoming overly reliant on Iran. The analysis also establishes the difficulties involved in this association such as domestic political sensibilities, expanding economical dependence, and the possibility of becoming involved in a regional conflict.On the whole, the research adds to the insights into the ways in which current defense collaboration between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia is an indication of a compromise between the conscious approach to ensuring the security and the development of the independent foreign policy. It ends with a set of policy proposals to establish a more balanced, sustained, and win-win defense relationship to enhance the strategic position of both countries in a more complex regional order.
Pakistan's response to the Afghan war (1979-1988): In the Neo-classical Realism perspective
Most researchers condemn the fact that the foreign policy of Pakistan was not befitting during the war in Afghanistan since its consequences outweighed the gains to the country during the period. This is one of the criticisms that are repeatedly emphasized and strengthened on the foreign policy debate, as the war in Afghanistan made a lasting influence on the politics, economy and security of Pakistan. But little focus is given in terms of the examination of the Pakistani reaction to the Afghan war in the view of Neo-classical Realism. Since the world is anarchic, all the states have to act on their national interests, and Pakistan as any other state had to react with the system of anarchy. A nation can further be seen to be in terms of the international relations theory, since theories offer an analysis model to explain judgments that might seem conflicting or incongruent.Among others, there exist two international relations theories Realism and Liberalism, which are more appropriate to examine the behavior of a nation under pressure. Realism focuses on power, security, and survival whereas Liberalism focuses on cooperation, institutions and interdependence. But the Neo-classical Realism is of the opinion that internal and external factors should be combined to comprehend the behaviour of states. The external influences include the force of balance, alliances, and world pressures which interacts with internal influences of leadership, political constraints, economic conditions, and domestic pressures.The paper will thus seek to discuss the internal and external forces that forced Pakistan to take a position in the Afghan war. By concentrating on Neo-classical Realism, this paper will indicate why Pakistan had to do what it did, how its leadership had to juggle between national interests and international demands, as well as why their foreign policy decisions were influenced by a set of national and global realities.
Analyzing the Impact of User-Generated and Firm-Generated Content on Online Shopper Behavior in a Developing Market: A Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Approach
It is important to note that online content is central to the development of consumer behavior in the digital age of the marketing transformation wherein consumers have become heavily dependent on the nature, quality, and validity of information they see online prior to making purchase-related decisions. The assumption as to whether user-generated or firm-generated content is more important issue is, however, under-researched and especially in such countries as Pakistan, where the adoption of digital is growing at a rapid pace, but academic and empirical interest in the given issue has been limited. The study is based on analyzing the impact of user-generated content and firm-generated content on evaluation perceptions and attitudes of online shoppers in Pakistan and employs the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the theoretical framework to interpret the research results. The results show that there is no significant difference between the two types of content in regard to the perceived usefulness or intention to purchase, but the user-generated content has a significantly greater impact on the attitudes towards the advertisements and brand perception. This implies that consumers are more likely to consider as naturally, relatable and credible content that is produced and shared by other users than that which is specifically produced and distributed by companies. These discrepancies point to the role of consumer voices within digital ecosystems in which online trust and credibility is highly involved in decision-making, and found that in situations where both types of content deliver helpful information, user-generated content is more sensitive to content influence than the content produced by the company. Moreover, it provides useful lessons to the marketers who work in the developing markets with particular reference to Pakistan because of the necessity to incorporate user-driven stories, reviews, and experiences into the digital strategies to enhance consumer engagement, brand image, and effectiveness of the marketing campaigns.
Customer Experience and Satisfaction in Coffee Consumption: An Analytical Study of Customer Behaviour in Coffee Shops
This paper discusses the impacts of various elements of customer experience like Sensory, Affective, Behavioural, Intellectual, Digital and sustainability as far as customer satisfaction and advocacy are concerned. Customer experience has become an important subject matter over the last few years since it does not just deal with what is offered by businesses but with how customers experience, think, and respond upon their encounter with a service. Even though our own research is based on a particular group (the young generation in Pakistan), this does not differ with the original research since we also aim to know how satisfaction due to experience can affect future behaviour such as recommending the cafe or returning to the cafe. The data were gathered with the help of the well-structured questionnaire and targeted 50 participants to provide information on the issues of coffee quality, atmosphere, service, and emotional bonding. These variables have been chosen with a lot of care since they represent both tangible and intangible customer experience aspects. The results indicate that behavioural experiences and affective experiences, intellectual experiences and digital experiences have a strong impact on customer satisfaction. It means that customers do not just appreciate the product but how it is presented, how it ties to customer feelings, and how the digital aspects contribute to convenience.This set of insights can help them improve the meaning created in digital projects and develop appropriate marketing plans. With the emphasis on these factors, cafes and other similar companies can enhance customer retention, retention, and word of mouth.
Understanding the Educational and Social Influences on Future Technopreneurs’ Engagement with the Gerontechnology Market
The research will explore the interplay of education and social factors in the culture of future technopreneurs when it comes to the perception and plans about the currently emerging gerontechnology market. However, with the number of aging population across the globe increasing, there is dire need to develop new solutions that are tailored towards the needs of older adults. Based on a mixed-methods research design, the research synthesis involves quantitative survey data of the study of students at universities and qualitative research based on interviews. The goal is to measure the awareness, motivation, and readiness of students to take part in gerontechnology entrepreneurship. It is revealed that entrepreneurial education, values of the society, and experience of demographic challenges and burdens play an important role in defining interests and attitudes of students to this branch. Many of the participants showed interest in joining efforts in socially significant innovations, especially with the provision of applicable knowledge and related real-world working experiences. This research reveals the importance of including the aging content into the teaching entrepreneurship and encourage intergenerational work. Through these actions, it is possible to raise a new breed of socially responsible technopreneurs out of educational institutions who are fully prepared to embrace the opportunities and challenges brought by an aging population. This strategy will not only accommodate the needs of the market but will also promote the development of sustainable solutions that will improve the quality of life of the older adults
The Impact of AI Tools (Like ChatGPT) on Student Learning Outcomes and Academic Integrity: A Mixed-Methods Study
The fast pace of the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) tools (including ChatGPT) into the educational process has already raised a storm of controversy about the impact they have on student achievement and academic integrity. This combined research evaluates the impact of writing assistants powered by AI on academic achievements and critical thinking abilities and moral reflections of students as well as within the educational landscape. Surveys of 300 university students were used to collect quantitative data on their habits regarding the use of AI tools, perceived benefits and challenges of using them. It yielded qualitative data through a qualitative survey concerning 15 educators through in-depth interviews to discuss the responses of institutions, policy gaps and pedagogical issues. The preliminary findings suggest that although the AI instruments can increase the efficiency of research and the drafting process, they are also associated with the issue of excessive dependence, lack of original thinking, and the risk of plagiarism. There was a notable correlation between a high frequency of AI use and positive short-term educational achievements, yet long-lasting components of the cognitive effects are not certain in any way. Teachers had rather ambivalent opinions, with some supporting the introduction of AI literacy at education institutions, and others demanding enforcement and regulation. The paper underlines the importance of a balanced AI implementation- stimulating progress and protecting the campus integrity. Suggestions such as the creation of institutional rules, AI-detective devices, and critical thinking modules should be created in order to reduce the misuse. In terms of the continued debate about AI in education, this study adds to the empirical literature to be used by policy and practices in the age of digital learning.
Pakistan’s Economic Diplomacy: Balancing Trade and Economic Security
This essay highlights Pakistan's shift from traditional geopolitics to a geo-economic approach while providing a full analysis of the evolving dynamics of its economic diplomacy. At the core of this change are important initiatives like the Economic Outreach Initiative and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which aim to promote trade and tourism, boost foreign investment, and strengthen regional integration. A key advantage of Pakistan is its strategic location, which enables it to manage complex ties with neighboring nations like India and Afghanistan while also interacting with regional powers like China, the United States, Iran, and members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The study explores the intricate relationship between economic diplomacy (ED) and economic security (ES) using a qualitative methodology that includes case studies, questionnaires, and documentary analysis. Using realism, constructivism and Economic Statecraft The paper demonstrates Pakistan's efforts to balance commercial liberalization with national security needs. The results demonstrate Pakistan's strength and ability to benefit from free trade agreements (FTAs) and regional cooperation, despite significant challenges such as political unrest, poor infrastructure, and non-tariff constraints. The article concludes with recommendations for changing policies, making targeted investments, and committing to sustainable development in order to secure Pakistan's economic success in a rapidly evolving global marketplace.
Impact of Online Learning on Students’ Academic Performance: A Comparative Study of Online and Face-to-Face Learning
This study investigates the impact of online learning on students' academic performance in comparison to traditional face-to-face learning, focusing on higher education institutions in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift toward virtual education, yet disparities in technological infrastructure, digital literacy, and instructional methods created challenges for students and educators alike. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research collected data from 200 undergraduate students through structured questionnaires and interviews to evaluate key indicators such as academic achievement, engagement, motivation, and technological accessibility.Results revealed that face-to-face learners consistently outperformed their online counterparts in terms of GPA, participation, and comprehension. Online learning was significantly hindered by unreliable internet access, limited availability of devices, and insufficient teacher training in digital pedagogy. Furthermore, students reported difficulties in maintaining attention, managing self-directed learning, and engaging with instructors in online environments.The study concluded that while online learning can supplement education during emergencies, it lacks the structural and interpersonal benefits of conventional classroom settings, especially in under-resourced areas like Mardan. It was suggested that using a mix of learning methods, training for teachers and building better digital tools will boost the results of online education.This thesis supports educational policy talks by suggesting ways to close the gap in digital access and enhance student results using online approaches.
Russia And Iran Role In Post -Assad Syria: An Analysis
The Syrian war has garnered significant international attention, with Russia and Iran emerging as major foreign Forces backing the Assad administration. However, the fall of administration's collapse in 2024 has put both nations at a strategic crossroads, and raised doubts about the sustainability of their involvement in post-Assad Syria The study uses a qualitative methodology that rely on secondary sources and adopting interpretivist ontological and subjectivist epistemological viewpoints, to analyze the evolving roles of Russia and Iran. It investigates whether their continued changing presence serves as a strategic asset or has growing become to be a burden in terms of liability amid shifting political, military, and local dynamics. This study examines how Russian and Iranian strategic interests in Syria are increasingly challenged by the emergence of non-state actors, growing grassroots resistance, and a changing regional order. While both countries were instrumental in securing Assad’s survival, their post-conflict roles are marked by contradictions. The military presence in Russia that is pegged on main facilities at Tartus and Hmeimim is getting shaky. Fractiousness within Syria, and an increased local animosity have undermined what was regarded as a stable basing point. All these weaknesses are made worse by the fact that the country has to deal with economic burden of international sanctions and enormous costs of reconstruction. The much older policy of the Iranian state called the Axis of Resistance also faces the pressure. Overland supply lines to Hezbollah (once considered the most valuable proxy group of Tehran) are destroyed by changed battlegrounds. At the same time, further escalation of sectarian forces and growth of both the Kurdish and Sunni militias have contributed to sinking the Iranian influence in the region. This study finds a marked reversal of fate in the creation of the same interventions that well assured Russian as well as Iranian power in Assad, becoming strategic liabilities in Syria post war palimpsest. The dominance of Iranian backed militias and Russian airpower have been replaced with the decentralization of power and local empowered forces openly fighting against foreign influence. This development is a warning example of the shortcomings of interventionist approaches. The analysis concludes that the active intervention of Moscow and Tehran in Syria will eventually have negative outcomes that do not save them, but rather reduce their greater geopolitical positioning in the Middle East, unless the much-needed realignment occurs. The results add to three main topical debates, the sustainability of proxy warfare in the long-term, the reality of reconstruction in occupation, and the ambiguity of great power presence in weak or transition states. The Syrian case presented in this analysis can serve, to some policymakers, as a cold reminder of how short-term military successes hide the longer term and impactful outcomes of foreign action.
Perceptions about Foreignization and Domestication: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students at NUML, Islamabad
The following study aims to find out the attitudes of the undergraduate students of 8th semester, studying at National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, about the two techniques of translation, foreignization and domestication. The concept of foreignization and domestication was put forwarded by an American translation theorist, Lawrence Venuti, in 1995 in his work A Translator’s Invisibility. Two translated paragraphs of Ismat Chughtai’s short story, Do Hath, are given to the students. One is written using domestication, and the other is written leaving imprints of the source culture. The research is exploratory as interviews are conducted to corroborate the study. For analysis of interviews, Kathy Charmaz’s model of interview analysis is used. The model was given in 2012 in Charmaz’s book about the Grounded Theory. It is found that the students of the English Department of NUML, Islamabad, who have studied Translation Studies as a subject in their previous semester (7th semester), asserts that the technique of foreignization should be prioritized while translating texts from Urdu to English.
Learning English through Drama-Based Approach (DBA): A Pedagogical Stylistic Experiment with Pygmalion
This study explores the effectiveness of using a new approach called drama-based approach in helping to learn English language. This approach was pioneered by Dorothy Heathcote in 1950. Heathcote, a drama teacher, developed this technique to help young children communicate confidently in English. In this research, the same theatrical method is employed to enhance students' spoken English skills. The chosen medium for the dramatic activity is George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion (1916), focusing on selected passages relevant to English language learning. The research incorporates both qualitative and quantitative methods, demanding active participation from students in the play. They engaged by taking on various roles of characters, as opposed to being passive listeners under a teacher's direction. This research took place in Dera Ismail Khan at Government College No. 1, involving 5th semester students who were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group performed the play through role-play and dialogue reading, while the control group read the play through traditional methods without any active engagement. The experimental study unfolded in three stages: a questionnaire, an intervention combined with improvisation, and an exam. Results were statistically measured and compared across both groups. The experimental group outperformed the control group in spoken English, demonstrating that a drama-based approach effectively facilitates the students in learning English language. This method allowed students to easily grasp themes, central message, linguistic elements, and character relationships, enhancing their understanding as well as their accents. The heightened engagement and enjoyment expressed by the students indicated a positive reception of this learning activity.
Gamified Learning Application for Students with ADHD in Pakistan: A Learning-Based Experiment
The paper discusses how gamification can be used to enhance the learning performance of students with ADHD in Pakistan. The research promotes the importance of gamification as one of the tools that might be used to assist students who tend to experience challenges in the areas of concentration, motivation, and conventional learning settings. The authors created a prototype of a gamified learning application and went through with it extensively on a group of 146 students, aged 13-17 years. The app was created in a way that promoted participation, the rewarding of progress, and that kept the person engaged in the learning process.The research results revealed that the application was successful in enhancing the focus, interest, and learning results of the students. Students who applied gamified learning app showed high improvement as compared to the control group who did not apply the gamified learning app. The findings have indicated clearly that gamification is a viable strategy that can be used to enhance the learning outcomes of ADHD students.What is more important, the research noted the app was especially effective among the students who had troubles with staying concentrated and motivated in the traditional learning conditions when distraction could diminish their performance. The gamified learning application was also demonstrated to be quite effective among students suffering ADHD with poor basic mathematics and reading abilities and offered them an effective and supportive learning experience.In sum, it is possible to state that the given paper has confirmed that gamification is a useful educational resource in Pakistan. Gamified learning app will help ADHD students to have a better focus, get more motivated and have improved academic results, which makes the process of learning more meaningful and effective.
Reconstructing Memory and Identity in Beloved by Toni Morrison: Application of Trauma Theory
The main objective of this article is to explore, among other things, Morrison's work itself, with a deep examination of trauma theory and studies in memory, because it reveals just how complex the interrelationality is between historical injustices and personal suffering. The presence of slavery reverberates through the characters in Beloved (1987) by Toni Morrison, exposing the continuous impact of historical trauma on the making of individual and collective identities. This paper microscopically looks into great detail at the characters, narrative structure, and symbolic features of the novel to work out how the aftereffects of slavery impact the psychological and emotional brinks of Sethe, Paul D, and Denver. Those fragmented, often chilling memories realized in Beloved tell another broader process—one in which society comes to terms with a troubling legacy. This paper delves into how the novel represents collective memory within the underlined African American community and how storytelling functions through the double-speak of bearing witness to trauma and a pathway toward healing. Contextualizing Morrison's work within current discourse about racial injustice and trauma, this study draws light on the relevancy of Beloved, as a novel that in its time advanced social knowledge and reconciliation. The study thus paves a way for how literature on historic trauma could be engaged with to open further dialogue.
Copyright (c) 2024 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
Islamophobia and Representation of the West in Pakistani Political Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Anti-Western Narratives
This study investigates the representation of Islamophobia and the West within Pakistani political discourse, analyzing how anti-Western narratives are constructed by political leaders and media. Through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), particularly Van Dijk's Socio-Cognitive Approach, the study examines speeches, media statements, and social media posts to identify the linguistic and rhetorical strategies that frame Western nations as antagonistic toward Islam and Muslims. By leveraging the concept of 'othering,' these narratives depict Western nations as both cultural and ideological threats, reinforcing in-group identity among Pakistanis and promoting national solidarity. The research uncovers recurring themes, including the portrayal of the West as inherently Islamophobic and morally divergent, the invocation of religious and cultural symbols to appeal to collective Islamic identity, and the strategic use of emotional appeals and metaphors to solidify anti-Western sentiments. This study contributes to the understanding of how Islamophobia discourse is employed to influence public opinion, strengthen political legitimacy, and unify the nation against perceived external threats. Findings also suggest that anti-Western narratives serve as powerful rhetorical tools in shaping national identity and resisting perceived Western hegemony. Future research might further investigate similar discourses across other Muslim-majority nations to provide comparative insights into the role of political discourse in shaping perceptions of Islamophobia and foreign policy.
Social Protection and Clientelistic Politics: A Case Study of Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)
Social safety nets programs are not just assistance programs but these are significant elements for building and strengthening social contracts between states and citizens. The safety nets programs are used for the help of deprived segment of the society. Some theorist argues that these safety net schemes are utilize for making vote bank. This study was interested to contribute these debates through an analysis of cash grant scheme of BISP introduced by Pakistan People Party in 2008 BISP has received a tremendous support from the World Bank, USAID, ADB and DFID This study explores how the cash grant of BISP program is used by PPP for making vole bank. Case Study method was adapted to conduct this research study. District Nowshera was taken as a case for the analysis of the BISP scheme. Data is collected from primary and secondary sources Interview is used as a tool for data collection Numbers of persons of different cadres were interviewed for the sake of data collection in district Nowshera. After interviewing a number of persons randomly in district Nowshera, a lot of issues were found. These issues include technical and political issues. Technical issues include lope holes of BISP Poverty Score Card, fake forms and data steeling, fake call and SMS, ill- behavior and choice commission at Easy Paisa shops, Fake BISP forms selling, Ill -behavior of BISP staff, use of ATM Cards, issues in BVS (Biometric Verification System), and hurdles in getting stipend. While politically it was found that PPP utilized the name of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto late for making vote bank. They got the sympathies of public by utilizing her name. The beneficiary's selection survey was also biased. All the surveyors were belonged to PPP. The political interference was involved in the survey. All the selection had done on politician's choice. Favoritism and nepotism were the rule of the day. All the key position holders in BISP program were belonged to PPP. Billions of rupees were spent by propagating this scheme for making vote bank. This study has concluded that the BISP program of cash grant has used for clientelistic politics by Pakistan People Party.
Promoting Learner Autonomy in English Language Classrooms in Pakistan: The Role of Self-Regulated Learning and Technology Integration
The present study investigates the development of learner autonomy and technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) practices in English classrooms at Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur (SAUS) highlighting both self-regulated learning strategies/behaviors. Learner autonomy is a key concept in contemporary language teaching, as it requires our learners to be responsible for their learning. However, in Pakistan teacher centered and traditional approaches are generally dominant that hinder students to become an efficient controller of their own learning. Taking SAUS as a case study, this research seeks to investigate how SRL strategies that are supported by digital tools can foster learner-autonomy in an elite academic institution of Pakistan. In particular, this study looks at the impact of digital platforms and mobile applications on online learning. Study design involves gathering data through classroom observations, student and teacher interviews, surveys. The research highlights the major challenges and opportunities for promoting learner autonomy in university, suggesting that these strategies could be applied to similar processes of change at other institutions around Pakistan. The results reveal that the role of technology is quite supportive in SRL but without institutional support, teacher training and student motivation, self-directed learning may not highly function within ELT context.
An Eco-linguistic Analysis of Urban Landscape and Social Critique in James Joyce's Dubliners
The main objective of this research is to revisit Stibbe (2015) framework of Eco-linguistics where he believes that it analyses language to reveal the stories we live by, judges those stories from an ecological perspective, resists damaging stories and contributes to the search for new stories to live by. This study examines James Joyce's Dubliners through an eco-linguistic perspective, focusing on the interplay between language, environment, and social critique. The detailed descriptions of Dublin's urban landscape and ecological symbols reflect the characters' inner lives and critique early 20th-century social conditions. The analysis draws on theoretical contributions from eco -linguistics and environmental criticism, emphasizing the use of linguistic landscapes and ecological metaphors to convey themes of stagnation, aspiration, and interconnectedness. By immersing the reader in the physical and social environments of Dublin, Joyce's language deepens empathy for the characters and enhances understanding of broader socio-environmental issues.
Symbolic Collapse and Psychological Descent in King Lear: A Psychoanalytic Exploration of Transformation and Abjection
This research paper delves into King Lear through psychoanalytic lenses, examining themes of transformation, abjection, and the tension between symbolic and semiotic forces. Central to the analysis is Lear's quest for unconditional love, revealing his internal conflicts and repressed fears. The dynamic between Lear’s desire for flattery from Goneril and Regan, and Cordelia’s restrained yet genuine affection, illustrates his struggle with authority and vulnerability. Key psychoanalytic theories, including Pauncz's "Lear Complex," Freud's Elektra Complex, and Kristeva's theory of the abject, are applied to analyze Lear's psychological descent. The storm symbolizes the collapse of Lear's symbolic identity, while Cordelia’s return offers temporary solace but also underscores the cost of Lear’s flawed pursuit of love. This study illuminates how Shakespeare masterfully explores the complexities of human psychology, deepening our understanding of his characters' internal struggles.
Deconstructing Class Struggle and Gender Oppression: A Post-Structuralist Analysis of Jamal Abro's Pirani and Naseem Kharal's Thirty-Four Gates through Barthes' Five Codes
This study applies post-structuralist theory to analyze Jamal Abro’s Pirani and Naseem Kharal’s Thirty-Four Gates, focusing on how both stories portray class struggle and gender oppression within Sindhi society. Using Roland Barthes' five codes—hermeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic, and cultural—the research uncovers multiple layers of meaning, interpreting the symbols, tensions, and ambiguities that reflect the socio-political realities of a male-dominated, feudal, and capitalist system. By employing a qualitative textual analysis, this research explores how Barthes' codes allow for the deconstruction of dominant narratives, revealing the complexities of class exploitation and cultural repression. The findings suggest that both authors critically condemn anti-women traditions and expose the systematic subjugation of women, who are rendered voiceless in a patriarchal society. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of Sindhi literature, translated into English and published by Oxford University Press, by engaging with the socio-political and cultural discourses embedded in the texts.
Critical Discourse Analysis of Different Company Logos in constructing the Brands' Identity
Logos, as visual representations, express a company’s image, philosophy, and strategic direction in marketing and business. As a result, companies aim to design a ‘gorgeous’ brand logo that effectively communicates their identity. This study explores the fundamental aspects of logo design—visual, psychological, and cultural—and how these elements contribute to brand identity. It also examines the connection between logos and corporate heritage, focusing on how logos shape identity for business and marketing success. The research adopts a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework, using Norman Fairclough’s (1995) multimodal approach to analyze selected company logos. Consumer perception is a key focus of the study, with data gathered through purposive sampling. Sources include visual representations of logos, the narratives behind their creation, official company websites, marketing literature, and business-related articles. Additionally, social media posts were analyzed to understand consumer reviews and reactions. This research highlights how logos function beyond aesthetics, playing a crucial role in communicating values, building trust, and establishing long-term recognition in competitive markets.
Pakistan Quest for security An Analysis of Internal and External Security
Many times, people think of terrorism as a premeditated, harsh response to perceived injustices. Unfortunately, reports on the repercussions of terrorism frequently lack a clear understanding of the psychological and societal reasons that underlie these kinds of acts. Pakistan has been at the forefront of both the global counterterrorism effort and the experience of terrorism since the events of 9/11. This essay examines the security issues that Pakistan faces as a result of terrorism, which feeds a vicious cycle of radicalization. Pakistan is suffering greatly as a result of the aftermath of terrorism, which has affected its political, social, economic, and physical infrastructure. Terrorism has cost the nation dearly on the social, economic, and human fronts. Despite playing a significant role in the global campaign against terrorism, Pakistan has received unjust labels as a financier of global terrorism. Pakistani terrorism is a complicated problem shaped by many variables, with psychological aspects being one of the most important ones. Since 9/11, countries with a majority of Muslims, especially Pakistan, have felt emotionally threatened by the term "terrorism," frequently connecting it to crimes committed by extreme groups wrongly classified as Muslim
Generic Moves and Move Strategies in Job Application Letters Written by Pakistani Graduates
This study investigated the generic moves and move strategies in the job application letters of Pakistani graduates. In order to analyze the generic moves, by following Bhatia’s (1993) and Al-Ali’s (2004) frameworks, a model containing eleven moves was developed. Using this model, ten job application letters written by Pakistani graduates were manually examined. The findings of the present study revealed that Pakistani applicants frequently used nine moves out of 11 moves. In their job application letters, Pakistani graduates frequently used straight forward and direct strategies to provide explicit information in their job application letters while keeping professional tone and still follow courtly expressions. It also observed that Pakistani graduates also use the techniques to grab the attention of the potential employer. The results of present study were mostly agreed with previous studies (Bhatia, 1993; Henry and Roseberry, 2001; Al-Ali, 2004; Khan and Bee, 2012). The results of the present study will be helpful for fresh graduates to write an effective job application letter. It is advised that to conduct further study to create a genre-based syllabus. Keywords: Generic, lexico-grammatical, job application letters, moves, move strategy
Comparative Analysis of Educational Policies of China and Pakistan:A Systematic Literature Review
This paper presents a systematic literature review that offers a comparative analysis of the educational policies of China and Pakistan. The review delves into the historical context, policy formulation, implementation strategies, and outcomes of educational reforms in both countries. To ensure a comprehensive and current analysis, studies published between 2000 and 2023 were included. Data were meticulously extracted from peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, and policy documents. The selected studies were thoroughly analyzed to identify key themes and patterns, employing a comparative framework to synthesize the data focusing on policy formulation, implementation, and outcomes. This detailed comparative analysis highlights significant differences and similarities between the two nations' educational systems, providing valuable insights into how each country addresses its unique educational challenges and opportunities. By examining these aspects, the review offers a comprehensive understanding of the educational landscapes of China and Pakistan, shedding light on the successes and shortcomings of their respective educational policies. The findings suggest that both countries can learn valuable lessons from each other's experiences, thereby enhancing their educational frameworks. This study contributes to the broader discourse on global educational development, emphasizing the importance of tailored policy responses to meet diverse educational needs.
Skill- Based Education in an Industrial city of Pakistan
In this study, the need for Skill- based education at secondary school level in Pakistan was analyzed with a focus on local need of the areas. The research examined the integration of skill-related subjects in secondary school curricula and investigated the skill set required in the industrial sector. To understand the current situation, government policies were reviewed and major challenges in implementing skill- based education were highlighted. It was a qualitative research with an exploratory research design. Tehsil Gujranwala was the selected study area. Elite interviews with representatives of business, Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA), and Gujranwala school heads were conducted to gather data. Three documents were analyzed i.e., textbooks of technical courses taught at secondary school level, National Education Policy 2017, and the Punjab Growth Strategy 2018. The results painted a bleak picture of the state of skill- based education in the country. All the stakeholders involved lacked ambition, communication, and teamwork. The objectives of government initiatives have not been met because of poor management of resources and misuse of finances. The respondents suggested that the media and NGOs might help to emphasize the value of skill- based education pertaining to the local needs. It was crucial to modify the curriculum to incorporate skill- based education into general education for the benefit of individuals, society, and ultimately socioeconomic development at national level.
Racism and Colonialism in Foster’s A Passage to India: A Critical Discourse Analysis
The major concern of this research work is to analyze the concepts related to racism and the aftermaths of British colonial rule in India taking into consideration a very distinctive and remarkable work, A Passage to India (1924) by E.M. Forster in which these contemporary issues are discussed. Racism along with the colonialism has been a very integral part of the past and our society which this current study aims to explore. The qualitative method has been employed in this research and for this reason the present research paper is split into two major sections: The first portion investigates the meaning of racism along with colonialism and how people were treated discriminately during the colonial rule of mid of 19th century. The second section explores the concept of racism and colonialism according to E.M. Forster and the societal conditions in which he produced his work. The finding of present study shows that racism and colonialism creates the hatred between the oppressed and the oppressor, people belonging to the oppressors’ league enjoy more opportunities as compared to the oppressed ones and develops various limitations which lead to the creation of discrimination among the people belonging to different races.
Notion of Beauty in the Selected Pakistani Advertisements: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis
Beauty advertisement is one of the most potent and successful tools for significantly influencing consumer purchasing behavior as it modifies individuals’ views of beauty, social conventions, and gender roles. From a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis standpoint, this study looks at the beauty advertisements in a few chosen social media (Instagram) posts. The study’s goal is to concentrate on how the idea of beauty is used in these Pakistani advertisements to control and influence consumers through both language as well as images. For this particular reason, four ads from different Instagram pages have been chosen via purposive sampling and they have undergone both linguistic and visual analysis. Fairclough’s Three-Dimensional Model (1995) serves as the foundation for the linguistic examination while Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design (2006) is applied for the visual analysis of these ads. The nature of this study is qualitative. The findings reveal that advertisers have employed a variety of discursive techniques like surreal representation, scientific evidence, celebrity endorsement, & self-representation etc., and linguistic devices, such as pronouns, catchy phrases, adjectives, repetitions, etc. in addition to visual tactics, e.g., modality, gaze, social distance, salience, and camera angles etc. to influence women by portraying an idealized version of beauty in the chosen advertisements. Additionally, it shows how advertisers—who are essentially powerful people with vested interests—marginalize and restrict the status of women in society to propagate the ideology of beauty just for boosting the sales of their products. Thus, the companies and creators of these commercials employ images and language as a means of controlling Pakistan’s female consumer base by luring them to get on their items. It is anticipated that this study will increase awareness of the usefulness of multimodal critical discourse analysis and open the door for future researchers to investigate the language and pictures used in advertisements for a variety of other products.
Representation of Male and Female Characters in Woolf’s Selected Fictions: A Corpus Based Stylistic Analysis
The present research comprises a corpus-based stylistic analysis of Woolf’s selected fiction, To the Lighthouse and Mrs Dalloway. This study aims to examine the representation of men and women in the chosen texts. For this purpose, adjectives have been chosen from both novels that have been employed with both male and female characters. The methodology utilized is mixed-method which merges the qualitative analysis with the quantitative one. The examples of tables along with concordance lines are taken from a specialized corpus of two novels with the aid of the software LancsBox (Version 6.0). The present study has revealed that the terms man and woman have occurred 184 times and 119 times respectively. The use of positive adjectives with male characters is more frequent than with female characters. Male characters portrayed by Virginia Woolf are shown as dominating, autonomous, and powerful. The adjectives employed with men are mostly related to their status and personality. Whereas, negative adjectives used with women reflect their demeaning, struggling, and inferior status. Actually, Woolf has employed adjectives to counteract gender bias in her chosen works, though she has portrayed women in a negative light and men in a positive light. This research will prove as a great contribution to the emerging field of corpus linguistics, integrating corpus studies with gender studies and it will recommend further investigation regarding gender roles in multiple contexts.
Relationship between Digital Literacy Skills, Attitude towards Teaching Profession and Academic Motivation among Prospective Teachers
Abstract The objective of the study was to identify the correlation between the digital literacy skills, academic motivation, and attitudes towards the teaching profession among prospective teachers. The present study employed a survey research methodology and a correlational technique. The study's sample consisted of 120 prospective teachers who held Bachelor of Science (BS) and Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) degrees. Data was acquired through convenient sampling technique. The dimensions of interest in this study were assessed using the Attitude toward Teaching Profession Scale (Kahramanolu, 2018), Digital Literacy Skills Scale (Üstünda et al., 2017), and Academic Motivation Scales (Karagüven, 2012). Data were analyzed through SPSS 26. The Pearson correlation revealed a statistically significant positive association between future teachers’ self-engagement and their digital literacy skills, attitude towards teaching, and academic motivation. The linear regression analysis revealed a distinct correlation between academic motivation, attitudes towards teaching, and digital literacy skills. Gender inequalities were apparent. The report suggests engaging education authorities and adopting steps for teacher training. Implementing strategies to enhance the academic motivation and digital proficiency of prospective educators. Key concepts: Digital literacy, Attitude towards the teaching profession, Academic motivation, prospective teachers
Postcolonial Identity and Discourse: Foucauldian Analysis of Shamsie’s A God in Every Stone
This research article delves into the intricate interplay between postcolonial identity and discourse in Kamila Shamsie's novel, "A God in Every Stone," employing a Foucauldian analytical framework This paper presents a Foucauldian analysis of Kamila Shamsie's novel, "A God in Every Stone." Drawing upon the works of Michel Foucault (2016), the paper examines the novel through the lens of power, knowledge, and the construction of historical narratives. Through a close reading of key characters and events, this analysis elucidates how colonial power structures and systems of knowledge production intersect in the novel to shape individual and collective identities. The present study has been conducted on Shamsie’s A God in Every Stone to highlight the process of colonization. The interpreter has examined the ways by which the colonized resisted colonial rule. Foucault’s model of Power has been used as the conceptual framework of the study to analyze the postcolonial aspects of Shamsie’s (2014) novel. The present study is qualitative in nature. The data has been collected through the close reading technique of the A God in Every Stone. For data analysis, those textual lines have been selected in which the elements of power and resistance are present covertly. The interpreter has explored different dimensions of Foucault’s power, i.e., Sovereign power and disciplinary power. British Empire justified its colonial rule over the colonized through the colonial discourse which was prejudiced against non-white people. The colonized people resist colonial rule through their dialogues in this novel. In A God in Every Stone, the major protagonist is Vivian Rose Spencer. She is an English woman who carried out digging in Turkey to unearth the ancient silver circlet. The interpreter has inferred that the colonizers used many disciplinary strategies to subjugate the colonized people. The Indian soldiers were trained by the British imperialists to fight in the battlefield on the Western Front. Many innocent Indian soldiers lost their lives in fighting the enemies of the British Empire. The major character of the novel Qayyum Gul, fought bravely in the battlefield. Unfortunately, he lost an eye during the battle. When he returned to Peshawar, he joined a freedom movement, which aimed to liberate India from the British colonizers. Ultimately, this Foucauldian analysis of "A God in Every Stone" underscores the intricate dynamics of power and knowledge in the colonial context and sheds light on the complexities of historical representation and identity formation in a postcolonial world.
Gender-Neutral Education and Its Impact on the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Students in Private Schools in Pakistan
The paper discusses the nature of gender-neutral education in Pakistan, especially in the context of the private schools, and the current conflict of globalisation of ideals and local values of the Pakistani society. The results of thematic analysis of the answers provided by the participants based on an elaborate questionnaire indicates the existence of a complex and subtle terrain. Although a great number of private schools promote gender neutrality and non-discriminatory approaches to education, one can still feel the opposition even in the general community, as the cultural gap between the forward-thinking educational policies and the established societal norms.The effect this has on the mental health of students comes out to be paradoxical, showing positive impacts in school settings, where equality and inclusivity lead to confidence and collaboration but at very high costs once outside the school setting, where the pressures and stereotypes by the society still prevail. The inclusion in policies and the supportive school staff also represent a contrast with the barriers (parental resistance, social stigma, and the lack of policy enforcement) and the necessity to find a complex, community-wide approach.The information given by the focus group discussion would offer group views and practical suggestions of the creation of a balanced and situation-suited approach to gender-neutral education. The ramifications of this research are not limited to the classroom, but affect the policy formulation process and the practice of education and call on the creation of a culturally aware model that would fit the different realities of Pakistan and remain open to international values. The future research opportunities involve longitudinal studies and comparative analyses to gain a deeper insight and evaluate the effects of gender-neutral education on the well-being of students and the community vision and equity in education.
A Genre-Based Analysis of Political Speeches of Selected Pakistani Prime Ministers in The UN General Assembly
This study consists of gender-based exploration of two political speeches that have been delivered by Nawaz Sharif and Imran Khan at the UN General Assembly. This research aims to investigate the cognitive structure of political speeches and uncover the typical strategies employed by selected politicians to achieve their communicative goals. Bhatia's (1993) genre analysis model is taken as theoretical framework. This research is qualitative in nature and it argues that political addresses at the UN Assembly are followed by certain protocols, which distinguish them as a political subcategory. The findings demonstrate that selected prime ministers conform to this genre's structure to advance their political agendas. Additionally, it reveals that both chosen speakers employ similar strategies for the argumentative aspect of their speeches, choosing strategies based on their respective communicative objectives. It is anticipated that this research will pave a road for upcoming scholars by providing novel insights about usefulness of genre analysis in multiple contexts and it also helps them to get a lucid understanding of the political goals and the projected perception of Pakistan on the global stage.
Examining the Effectiveness of English as the Medium of Instruction for Undergraduates at The Shaikh Ayaz University, Shikarpur
The current research is conducted on use of English as the medium of instruction (EMI) in the context where English is used as second language. The objectives of the study are to explore the problem in using EMI apart on the perception of students and how EMI is beneficial for students by examining the perception of students studying in The Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur. The researcher has used the quantitative approach and data were collected through questionnaire consisted of 60 close-ended questions and handed over to 30 students from the university. Data were statistically analyzed through Microsoft excel 2007 to find out the percentage. The findings identified benefits such as use of EMI helps in learning a language, it has positive effect on students’ academic performance, the ease of access to materials of learning, provide better future job opportunities, enhance intellectual abilities and also helpful in higher studies. The study suggests majority of students were comfortable in Sindhi medium instruction but besides their comfort and drawbacks of EMI 90% Students preferred English language to be continues as the medium of instruction. The findings indicate positive outcomes, including enhanced language proficiency and improved academic performance among students instructed in English. However, challenges such as difficulties in grasping complex subject matter and concerns about inclusivity for students with varying English language skills were also identified. The study suggests pedagogical implications, emphasizing the need for faculty development programs and language support services to enhance teaching methods and ensure equitable access to education.
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
Relevant Issues Which Delayed The Achievement of African Unity From Nkrumah’s Struggle To The Present Day
This Article investigates on relevant issues which delayed the achievement of African unity from Nkrumah’s struggle to the present time. The aim is to determine the way Nkrumah did not succeed in realizing his vision for the unification of Africa. Using the historical approach, the study reveals that Nkrumah’s dream to saw African unity was failed because of controversial opinions and oppositions the first generation of the African leaders had not vigorously pursued the goal of unifying Africa, courage, will, dedication, determination and the loyalty that it deserved. They saw Nkrumah too radical and too ambitious as the one seeking to make Ghana a Black paradise. They therefore refused to follow his initiatives in the quest for unification in Africa because just fear of losing their power. The study also agrees that today it is the same scenario about African union. There are many debates among us, and there is no consensus on how to achieve African union; and Africa’s current generation of heads of States do not show their courage, will, action, and determination to the issue of African union, because they lack the methods and initiatives to apply in the search for African unity. Thus, their powerless in reflexions delays Nkrumah’s dream of African union at all levels. This Article concludes that we (the African people) must make the choice for our destiny, either to unite or disunite, because it will be a waste of time to look for the things which were not destined to us.
Critical Perspectives on ELF theory and Research
The undeniable prevalence of Englisha s a Lingua Franca (ELF) is juxtaposed with the insufficient recognition of its extensive use in local English education. This research offers critical insights into the disparity between ELF theory and research, drawing on a thorough examination of the last 5 to 8 years across various databases, including peer-reviewed empirical studies. The findings underscore the widespread use of English as a lingua franca among individuals from ASEAN countries. However, there is a noticeable scarcity of research addressing the incorporation of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) into programs aimed at preparing future teachers and the execution of English language teaching. The review delves into two primary domain questions and advocates for a reassessment of conventional approaches, particularly in light of the historical reliance on Native Speaker (NS) English as the exclusive benchmark for language proficiency, with NSs serving as the predominant models.
Effects of Mental Health of Persons with Schizophrenia on Perceiving and Interpreting Reality of Life
The intention of the current study was to endeavor the effects of mental health of persons with schizophrenia on perceiving and interpreting reality of life. The researcher controlled over 16 variables in order to find out the effects of mental health of persons with schizophrenia taken as determinant. The parents and care takers of the persons with schizophrenia were the population of the study. Random sampling technique was employed to choose the sample of the persons with schizophrenia (n = 70) from the Faisalabad city and the Lahore city of the Punjab, Pakistan. A structured questionnaire for collecting specific information was developed on the basis of 5 point likert scale such as very strong (5), strong (4), neutral (3), not really (2) and not at all (1). After collecting data, it was tabulated and results were interpreted through descriptive statistics by using SPSS. Inferential statistics (Pearson Product Moment Correlation and t-test) and descriptive statistics (Frequencies and Percentages) were used for statistical analysis. Results indicated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.38, significant at P 0.01) in mental health of persons with schizophrenia on perceiving and interpreting reality of life. There was a significant difference (significant at p .001) between the perception of parents and the perception of care takers having impact of mental health on perceiving and interpreting reality of life for persons with schizophrenia. ‘Thoughts that it would be better off dead’ prevail all the time and ‘behavioral and/or emotional changes most prominently occur while performing job tasks under the effect of mental health of persons with schizophrenia clearly manifest severe effects on perceiving and interpreting reality. It was concluded that mental health of persons with schizophrenia seems to be associated with significant loss for perceiving and interpreting reality.
Inquiring Life span Impact of Mild and Moderate Hearing Impairment on Diverse Aspects of Development
The current study was particularly designed to endeavor the effects of hearing impairment on the developmental dimensionsof persons with hearing impairment. Mild and moderate hearing impairment was assumed to be as independent factor having mild and moderate levels of losses. Multidimensional developmental dimensionsof persons with hearing impairment were taken to be as dependent variables such as cognition, physical, moral, social as well as economicdevelopments. The parents as well as relatives of the persons with hearing impairment from Faisalabad, Jhang and Chiniot citieswere chosen as the population of the study while sample was comprised ofn=208 participantschosen through purposive sampling technique. Effects were stronger among older n=51 with mean ages 69 years (65-74 years) than youngern=72 with mean ages 36 years (20-44 years) and middle aged n=77 with mean ages 58 years (45-64 years) manifesting long lasting effects of independent variable (hearing impairment) on dependent variables (developmental dimensions) of persons with mild and moderate hearing losses. The results of the study revealed monotonically increasing function of developmental dimensions that is affected by the level of disability as in the case of hearing impairment, the effects of disability on the person’s developmental dimensions always increase or remain constant and never decrease in any case or in any circumstances at any stage of life.
The Kashmir Dispute: A Strategic Analysis
Historically, Kashmir’s otherworldly beauty and high-culture have been taking the brunt of oppression and repression since centuries. The many transformations, transcended by Kashmiri consciousness, range from being a serf to a dissenter, from a defiant peasant to an armed insurgent, not to mention the stone-pelters’ enduring struggle for freedom. Likewise, whenever an awareness emerged and became a becoming, an unimaginable coercion and tyranny persisted alongside. It remains and lacerates from an occupation and annexation-lawfare, besides, the military and para-military apparatus that sustains it. The post-partition Cease Fire Line (CFL) is now the disputed Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan, whereas, the British era delimited McMahon Line has become the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China. The Sino-Indian rivalry is in the foreground with an Indo-US congruence in the background. Also, the greater context of dispute is the Hindu nationalist agenda objectively implemented by Modi-Amit duo in the spirit of M.S. Golwalkar, plus, the complex geo-political mixture of regional, extra-regional and global strategic environment. However, Kashmiri consciousness is a reality inductively validating the libertarian spirit. Vicissitudes of time taught Kashmiris the virtues of transcendent wisdom and restraint. The Kashmiri liberation struggle continues. It is a calling.