VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS
<p>Aims, Objectives, and Scope</p> <p>The <em><strong>VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences</strong></em> is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the VFAST-Research Platform. It was established in 2013 and covers the areas of Education or Social Sciences. The aim of this journal is to provide an international platform for academicians and social science researchers all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and development in the field of Education and social sciences. The journal publishes original papers including but not limited to the following fields: Inclusive Education, Early Childhood Education, ICT in Education, Economics of Education, Education Leadership and Management, Sociology of Education, Curriculum Development, Pedagogy, Linguistics, and other Social Science related areas.</p> <p>ISSN: 2309-3951 (Online), 2411-0221 (Print)</p> <p><strong>Editor in Chief: Dr. Faisal Nawaz, COMSATS University Islamabad (Attock campus)</strong></p> <p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span class="csspropertycolor" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: red; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, 'courier new', monospace; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #ffffff; 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into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.</li><li>Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See <a href="http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html" target="_new">The Effect of Open Access</a>).</li></ol><p> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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alt="" /></p><p>This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License</a> CC BY</p>Examining the Effectiveness of English as the Medium of Instruction for Undergraduates at The Shaikh Ayaz University, Shikarpur
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1682
<table width="684"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><em>The current research is conducted on use of English as the medium of instruction (EMI) in the context where English is used as second language. The objectives of the study are to explore the problem in using EMI apart on the perception of students and how EMI is beneficial for students by examining the perception of students studying in The Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur. The researcher has used the quantitative approach and data were collected through questionnaire consisted of 60 close-ended questions and handed over to 30 students from the university. Data were statistically analyzed through Microsoft excel 2007 to find out the percentage. The findings identified benefits such as use of EMI helps in learning a language, it has positive effect on students’ academic performance, the ease of access to materials of learning, provide better future job opportunities, enhance intellectual abilities and also helpful in higher studies. The study suggests majority of students were comfortable in Sindhi medium instruction but besides their comfort and drawbacks of EMI 90% Students preferred English language to be continues as the medium of instruction.</em> <em>The findings indicate positive outcomes, including enhanced language proficiency and improved academic performance among students instructed in English. However, challenges such as difficulties in grasping complex subject matter and concerns about inclusivity for students with varying English language skills were also identified. The study suggests pedagogical implications, emphasizing the need for faculty development programs and language support services to enhance teaching methods and ensure equitable access to education.</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br /><br /></p>SaweraJamil Ahmed
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-12-272023-12-27121121910.21015/vtess.v11i4.1682Kwame Nkrumah’s Continental Vision for the Unification of Africa
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1671
<table width="687"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><em>The present study examines Kwame Nkrumah’s Pan-African vision for the unification of Africa. My purpose is to show Nkrumah’s socio-economic and political projects for the unification of the entire continent. Through the historical perspective, the study agrees that Nkrumah played a significant role through reflexion and action, theory and practice with his passionate Pan-African vision, because he organized many conferences across Africa in order to let the people understand his vision. So, Nkrumah wanted to link Africa with roads, railways, waterways and air-lines, as well as to improve the standard of living of Africans, abolish disease, poverty, illiteracy, frontier troubles between Africans and expand the provision of education. He also wanted the Africans to co-operate in educational schemes and to adopt common standards. The study also reveals that Nkrumah envisaged a Union Government of African States (or the United States of Africa). His socio-economic and political projects for the unification of Africa consisted of the following common processes and institutions: Continental Economic Planning leading to the creation of an African Common Market; a Common Currency, a Monetary Zone, and a Central Bank of Issue; a Foreign Policy and Diplomacy; a Continental Parliament and Constitution; a Federal President and Government. Including a Continental Communication System. In 1960, when Nkrumah became the President of the Gold Coast (now Ghana), he succeeded to implement his vision, especially his political project for the unification of Africa for a few moments in the case of Ghana-Guinea-Union and Ghana-Guinea-Mali-Union and later on his dream failed. </em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>Brel Grâce Mangalala
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-09-302023-09-30121233210.21015/vtess.v11i3.1671Critical Perspectives on ELF theory and Research
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1668
<p>The undeniable prevalence of Englisha s a Lingua Franca (ELF) is juxtaposed with the insufficient recognition of its extensive use in local English education. This research offers critical insights into the disparity between ELF theory and research, drawing on a thorough examination of the last 5 to 8 years across various databases, including peer-reviewed empirical studies. The findings underscore the widespread use of English as a lingua franca among individuals from ASEAN countries. However, there is a noticeable scarcity of research addressing the incorporation of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) into programs aimed at preparing future teachers and the execution of English language teaching. The review delves into two primary domain questions and advocates for a reassessment of conventional approaches, particularly in light of the historical reliance on Native Speaker (NS) English as the exclusive benchmark for language proficiency, with NSs serving as the predominant models.</p>Moomal ChandioNida AftabSajida Zaki
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-12-302023-12-30121273910.21015/vtess.v11i4.1668Effects of Mental Health of Persons with Schizophrenia on Perceiving and Interpreting Reality of Life
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1666
<p>The intention of the current study was to endeavor the effects of mental health of persons with schizophrenia on perceiving and interpreting reality of life. The researcher controlled over 16 variables in order to find out the effects of mental health of persons with schizophrenia taken as determinant. The parents and care takers of the persons with schizophrenia were the population of the study. Random sampling technique was employed to choose the sample of the persons with schizophrenia (n = 70) from the Faisalabad city and the Lahore city of the Punjab, Pakistan. A structured questionnaire for collecting specific information was developed on the basis of 5 point likert scale such as very strong (5), strong (4), neutral (3), not really (2) and not at all (1). After collecting data, it was tabulated and results were interpreted through descriptive statistics by using SPSS. Inferential statistics (Pearson Product Moment Correlation and t-test) and descriptive statistics (Frequencies and Percentages) were used for statistical analysis. Results indicated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.38, significant at P 0.01) in mental health of persons with schizophrenia on perceiving and interpreting reality of life. There was a significant difference (significant at p .001) between the perception of parents and the perception of care takers having impact of mental health on perceiving and interpreting reality of life for persons with schizophrenia. ‘Thoughts that it would be better off dead’ prevail all the time and ‘behavioral and/or emotional changes most prominently occur while performing job tasks under the effect of mental health of persons with schizophrenia clearly manifest severe effects on perceiving and interpreting reality. It was concluded that mental health of persons with schizophrenia seems to be associated with significant loss for perceiving and interpreting reality.</p>Dr. Hina Hadayat Ali
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-09-302023-09-30121091610.21015/vtess.v11i3.1666Inquiring Life span Impact of Mild and Moderate Hearing Impairment on Diverse Aspects of Development
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1665
<table width="680"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><em>The current study was particularly designed to endeavor the effects of hearing impairment on the developmental dimensionsof persons with hearing impairment. Mild and moderate hearing impairment was assumed to be as independent factor having mild and moderate levels of losses. Multidimensional developmental dimensionsof persons with hearing impairment were taken to be as dependent variables such as cognition, physical, moral, social as well as economicdevelopments. The parents as well as relatives of the persons with hearing impairment from Faisalabad, Jhang and Chiniot citieswere chosen as the population of the study while sample was comprised ofn=208 participantschosen through purposive sampling technique. Effects were stronger among older n=51 with mean ages 69 years (65-74 years) than youngern=72 with mean ages 36 years (20-44 years) and middle aged n=77 with mean ages 58 years (45-64 years) manifesting long lasting effects of independent variable (hearing impairment) on dependent variables (developmental dimensions) of persons with mild and moderate hearing losses. The results of the study revealed monotonically increasing function of developmental dimensions that is affected by the level of disability as in the case of hearing impairment, the effects of disability on the person’s developmental dimensions always increase or remain constant and never decrease in any case or in any circumstances at any stage of life.</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br /><br /></p>Dr. Hina Hadayat AliDr. Muhammad Javed Aftab
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-12-252023-12-25121011110.21015/vtess.v11i4.1665The Kashmir Dispute: A Strategic Analysis
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1662
<p><em>Historically, Kashmir’s otherworldly beauty and high-culture have been taking the brunt of oppression and repression since centuries. The many transformations, transcended by Kashmiri consciousness, range from being a serf to a dissenter, from a defiant peasant to an armed insurgent, not to mention the stone-pelters’ enduring struggle for freedom. Likewise, whenever an awareness emerged and became a becoming, an unimaginable coercion and tyranny persisted alongside. It remains and lacerates from an occupation and annexation-lawfare, besides, the military and para-military apparatus that sustains it. The post-partition Cease Fire Line (CFL) is now the disputed Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan, whereas, the British era delimited McMahon Line has become the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between India and China. The Sino-Indian rivalry is in the foreground with an Indo-US congruence in the background. Also, the greater context of dispute is the Hindu nationalist agenda objectively implemented by Modi-Amit duo in the spirit of M.S. Golwalkar, plus, the complex geo-political mixture of regional, extra-regional and global strategic environment. However, Kashmiri consciousness is a reality inductively validating the libertarian spirit. Vicissitudes of time taught Kashmiris the virtues of transcendent wisdom and restraint. The Kashmiri liberation struggle continues. It is a calling. </em></p>Muhammad WaqasKhalil Rehman
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-09-302023-09-30121172210.21015/vtess.v11i3.1662Effect of working memory on student’s performance at secondary level
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1660
<table width="686"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>The ability to process and temporarily store data is known as working memory, a concept crucial in cognitive psychology with applications in academic teaching and cognitive function. This study aims to explore the association between working memory and the mathematics performance of secondary school students. The study focuses on secondary science students in Lahore schools, with a population of 180 scientific students sampled through convenience sampling. Data analysis involved the use of a questionnaire and employed both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study concludes that working memory significantly impacts the performance of secondary school pupils.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br /><br /></p>Abdul Malik KhanNoreen Ghazala
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-12-302023-12-30121202610.21015/vtess.v11i4.1660Analyzing the Impact of Teacher Training and Professional Development Programs on the Implementation of Blended Learning in Elementary Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1658
<p>This research study aims to determine the attitudes of practicing school teachers towards blended learning in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study involved 369 elementary school instructors recruited and trained in 2017 through the Teacher Induction Policy. The data analysis revealed that teachers had favorable attitudes towards integrated learning and the efficacy of blended learning in education and knowledge acquisition. However, the study also highlighted the significant challenges faced by educators when training via blended learning. The findings highlight the need for more effective and flexible teaching methods to ensure the success of blended learning in the education sector.</p>Wisal AhmadUmar KhanSangeen Muhammad
Copyright (c) 2024 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-12-312023-12-31121406010.21015/vtess.v11i4.1658A Corpus-Based Study of Adverbial Hedges in Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1653
<table width="685"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><em>This study aimed to explore adverbial hedges as stance markers in Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials. For this purpose, the data was collected from four different newspapers. After this data was tagged with the help of TagAnt Tagger. AntConc (3.5.9 window) software was used for the manipulation of the data. The corpus was designed from different Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials which were selected randomly from online sources from 2016 to 2021. The purpose of this study was to inspect hedges in Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials. List of adverbial hedges proposed after categorizing of hedging types. The results depicted frequencies of adverbial hedges from the newspapers of each of the years. The literature review of this research study explained the importance of adverbial hedges in previous research. Moreover, the results were presented in the form of tables and charts for an in-depth understanding of adverbial hedges in Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials. This study found that hedges in the Pakistan English Newspaper Editorials made changes according to the style, frequency, and location of the content to make it more comprehensible and didactic. Adverbial hedges were frequently used in Pakistani English newspaper editorials. The events were typically viewed to connect with the text to generate cohesion and coherence in Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials, based on their criteria of choice for adverbial hedges. Furthermore, the research questions were answered but this study also objects to future research. The objectives of this study were also claimed to be interpreted. </em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><em><br /><br /></em></p>Rai Hassan IqbalMuhammad Shaharyar Sabiri
Copyright (c) 2024 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2024-03-032024-03-03121081410.21015/vtess.v12i1.1653A Diagnostic Study of the Dyslexion Factor in Urdu Language at Early Classes in Public Schools of South Punjab
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1652
<table width="683"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><em>Dyslexia, a specific learning disability, exerts profound effects on language acquisition and educational attainment. This study delves into the underexplored domain of dyslexia within the context of the Urdu language, as encountered by students in public schools of South Punjab, Pakistan. Employing a comprehensive battery of standardized tasks and tests, the study diagnoses the presence of dyslexia and assesses its impact on the reading and writing processes. The findings reveal a spectrum of dyslexic characteristics among students, as evidenced by challenges in phonological awareness, letter-sound recognition, rapid automatized naming, and comprehension. Dyslexia significantly affects their ability to decode unfamiliar words and comprehend text. Concurrent qualitative interviews shed light on the diverse attitudes and reactions of students toward dyslexia, from determination to anxiety. This study's results underscore the necessity for tailored interventions, early screening, and teacher training to support students with dyslexia in mastering the Urdu language. By focusing on both the diagnosis of dyslexia and its implications for language learning, the study hopes to contribute to more inclusive and effective education in South Punjab's public schools.</em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br /><br /></p> <p>The findings reveal a spectrum of dyslexic characteristics among students, as evidenced by challenges in phonological awareness, letter-sound recognition, rapid automatized naming, and comprehension. Dyslexia significantly affects their ability to decode unfamiliar words and comprehend text. Concurrent qualitative interviews shed light on the diverse attitudes and reactions of students toward dyslexia, from determination to anxiety.</p> <p>This study's results underscore the necessity for tailored interventions, early screening, and teacher training to support students with dyslexia in mastering the Urdu language. By focusing on both the diagnosis of dyslexia and its implications for language learning, the study hopes to contribute to more inclusive and effective education in South Punjab's public schools.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Dyslexia, Urdu Language, Public Schools, South Punjab, Language Learning, Standardized Tasks, Reading, Writing</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>Samina Bashir
Copyright (c) 2024 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2024-03-032024-03-03121010710.21015/vtess.v12i1.1652Understanding The Pan-Africanists In Africa
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1649
<table width="687"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><em>This research paper studies the Pan-Africanists in Africa. The main concern is to identify and draw the difference which exists between the Pan-Africanists of yesterday and those of today in the context of developing Africa. Through a socio-historical perspective, the study agrees that the Pan-Africanists of yesterday were radical and determined about the socio-economic and political progress of Africa, because they needed both the liberation and unification of Africa whilst the Pan-Africanists of today are no longer determined about the immediate socio-economic and political progress of Africa, because they lack both the purpose and a revolutionary spirit in the struggle for Pan-Africanism. They are good for nothing. They have only good ideas and projects on papers, but they cannot put their thoughts into action and practice because they are afraid of being killed, assassinated or imprisoned by the West. Some also stand as the agents of neo-colonialism in Africa. As a result, the paper recommends that Africa needs a new generation of Pan-African Revolutionaries who can have both a revolutionary spirit and a sense of solidarity and unity in the struggle for Pan-Africanism in Africa, as well as a new type of citizen, a dedicated, modest, honest, uncorrupted and informed man. If not, we will continue to be worrying ourselves about the underdevelopment of Africa for centuries. </em></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br /><br /></p>Brel Grâce Mangalala
Copyright (c) 2024 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2024-03-182024-03-18121152310.21015/vtess.v12i1.1649Challenges and Prospects of Vocational Education and Training for Specially-abled Students in Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1644
<p>Over the past two decades, there has been an increase in vocational and skilful programmes that can help students achieve a better career, particularly those with special needs. The transition of students with physical challenges like impairments has become increasingly complicated as a consequence, and both the students and their families demand better transition procedures. The organisational challenges and ensuing issues faced by students, families, and care providers are documented in the academic literature on early childhood transition, leading to further difficulties later in their careers. The specific factors influencing this intricate transition process have recently become the subject of insightful transition studies. This framework will help students with special needs and their families cope with the transition process, provide an organisational framework, and start laying the foundation for improving transitions for such students. The framework used in this research includes challenges that are categorised into four categories: environmental challenges, attitude challenges, institutional challenges, and financial challenges. The framework concludes with the actions that may be taken to address the problems impeding the vocational education and training performance of students with physical impairments.</p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Specially-abled students, Challenges, Vocational Education, Prospects, Pakistan</p>Muhammad Gouhar Iftikhar Pirzada
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-09-302023-09-30121010810.21015/vtess.v11i3.1644Impact of Technology on Student Learning Outcomes: Teachers’ Perspectives
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1599
<p><em>In the ever-evolving realm of education, the incorporation of technology stands out as a transformative influence, holding the potential to redefine conventional teaching methods and elevate student learning achievements. This research probes the perspectives of educators within the Pakistani context, delving into the effects of technology on student learning outcomes and the hurdles encountered in its assimilation. Employing a quantitative research framework, the study scrutinized data from 320 teachers affiliated with the Punjab education department. The results showcase a shared viewpoint among educators, affirming the favorable impact of technology on student involvement, comprehension, motivation, and critical thinking abilities. Notwithstanding the optimistic viewpoints, obstacles such as limited access to resources and a reluctance to embrace change were pinpointed. Analyses of demographic data additionally unveiled disparities in perceptions linked to variables such as posting location, age, qualifications, and experience. These findings offer valuable input for crafting suggestions, including the implementation of extensive professional development initiatives, investments in infrastructure, customized assistance for distinct challenges, and the formulation of research-backed policies. Attending to these recommendations holds the potential to optimize the advantages of technology in education, ultimately bolstering student learning outcomes.</em></p>Dr. Muhammad Javed AftabDr. Hina Hadayat AliNavid Ur Rehman
Copyright (c) 2024 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-06-302023-06-3012125226010.21015/vtess.v11i2.1599Multiple Intelligences Profiles of Biology Students at Islamabad Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1589
<table width="687"> <tbody> <tr> <td><em>The study aimed to investigate the multiple intelligence profiles of biology students at Islamabad Model College for Girls I/8-4 in Pakistan. In this study, the "What Kind of Thinker Are You?" by B. Shearer (MIS interest survey) was used to determine the multiple intelligences profiles of secondary students of biology in Islamabad. A sample of 70 biology students was randomly selected from the population of ninth-grade students at Islamabad Pakistan. . Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to investigate the students’ MI profiles. The study identified all eight types of intelligences possessed by students. The results showed that the students had high scores in natural intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence, followed by spatial, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, musical, linguistic, and kinesthetic intelligence.</em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><br /><br /></p>Fahim KhatoonDr. Munazza Ambreen
Copyright (c) 2023 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-06-302023-06-3012123624310.21015/vtess.v11i2.1589Problems in Early Identification of Children with Hearing Loss: A Narrative Review of Research
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1581
<div><table width="684" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="310"><div><p><em>Early identification of hearing loss in children is crucial for their cognitive and linguistic development. So, the major objectives of this research were to identify the common practices, problems and challenges in early identification of children with hearing loss discussed in various studies. The research design was qualitative and narrative review was conducted to explore the challenges associated with the early detection of hearing loss in children. The study involved a comprehensive search of academic databases, medical journals, and credible sources to collect relevant studies focusing on the obstacles and limitations in identifying hearing loss at an early stage. After the literature search, the selected studies were critically evaluated. Key information was extracted from each study to identify common themes and patterns related to the challenges in early detection. Results highlighted the regional variations in the causes of hearing loss, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and screening programs in different parts of the country. Consanguinity, particularly first cousin marriages, emerged as a significant risk factor for childhood deafness in Pakistan. The prevalence of parental consanguinity was found to be high in certain regions, contributing to the increased risk of congenital hearing impairment in children. However, beyond consanguinity, other factors such as infectious diseases, genetic factors, and environmental influences can also lead to hearing loss in children. To overcome these challenges, several key recommendations can be proposed. Implementing universal newborn hearing screening programs is crucial to identify hearing impairment in infants before critical language and communication development stages. This requires collaboration between healthcare providers, policymakers, and advocacy organizations to ensure equitable access to screening services across all regions.</em><em></em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Amna JahangirRukhsana BashirAsma Kanwal
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2023-06-302023-06-3012116717610.21015/vtess.v11i2.1581Rural Inclusive Education Program for Students with Special Needs in Punjab: Opinions and Concerns of Teachers
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1578
<div><table width="680" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="322"><div><p><em>The present study was conducted to identify the views and concerns of regular and special education teachers working in rural inclusive education programs. The multi-stage sampling process was used to select districts, schools, regular and special education teachers. In the first stage, rural inclusive education schools were identified in Punjab; researchers only found the program of Ghazali Education Trust (GET ) in Punjab province which was established in eight districts. Forty regular teachers and six special education teachers were selected from Lahore, Sheikhpura and Faisalabad districts as samples of the study. Likert-type questionnaire for regular teachers and a structured interview schedule for special education teachers were used for the collection of data. It is indicated by the findings of the study that attitudes of special education and even regular teachers regarding the inclusion of disabled children were positive. Still, practical concerns had been expressed by teachers about the application of different inclusive practices and even pointed out a lack of effective training in different areas such as adaptation of evaluation procedures, curricular and instructional adaptations. In instructional procedures, teachers</em><em> tend to make major and slight changes for the accommodation of disabled children and perform portfolio, written, and oral assessments are performed. Still, the use of rating scales, checklists, and performance-based evaluations is quite rare. General audio-visual aids were being used by most teachers and none of them confirm the use of computers and mobile phones, audio devices and braille books during teaching. </em><em>Therefore, a number of in-service training workshops and sessions must be planned and arranged by GET to ensure special education and regular teachers’ capacity building. At the same time, resource rooms must be arranged that contain instructional resources, Braille books, wheelchairs and computers etc. </em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Rukhsana BashirGhulam FatimaMuhammad Younus
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2023-06-302023-06-3012118719310.21015/vtess.v11i2.1578A Sociological Study on Role of Education in Empowerment of Women: Cross-Sectional Study in Urban Areas of District Faisalabad Punjab, Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1576
<p><em>In our civil society, women's education is essential because it contributes significantly to the growth of our nation. Education is crucial because it is a key component of women's autonomy; it empowers women to overcome obstacles, make positive changes in their lives, and, most importantly, foster the growth of their kids. Empowering women means offering them control or authority. It means to advance not just their economic standing but also their cultural, social, economic, and political status. Women faced discrimination and were denied access to fundamental needs, including family matters, health, and education. By empowering women in all areas of life, education can help eliminate these barriers and improve their status.</em> <em>By altering societal attitudes and ideologies, education improves the lives of women.</em> <em>The finest remedy for the development of women is education. The study's primary objective was to investigate role of education in women’s empowerment in district Faisalabad Punjab Pakistan. Cross-sectional surveys were used to get the quantitative data. For the data gathering, a multistage random sampling technique was used. Two hundred women in district Faisalabad between the ages of 18 to 30 years were interviewed using a self-designed interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed to analysis the data. Empirical results showed that 52% of respondents had graduation level education. 30% of respondents had, to great extent, decision-making power and control over resources. Bivariate analysis showed that education level had a significant and positive association with women’s empowerment. The study recommended that the government should take steps to facilitate women’s equal education and employment opportunities equal to males</em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Role of education, women empowerment, urban area, district Faisalabad.</em>Mehek KhaliqMadiha NazRida IkramMuhammad Furqan NisarAmara AmmanDr. Saima Afzal
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2023-06-302023-06-3012119420010.21015/vtess.v11i2.1576Rural Women Contribution in Providing and Increasing Domestic Food and Nutrition Security. A Correlational Study of Rural Areas of South Punjab, Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1572
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="309"><div><p><em>Women play a crucial role in sustainable rural development and agriculture. Despite suffering severe inequalities, worldwide women are crucial for ensuring security of food. Women have a variety of roles in the food system including as producers, entrepreneurs, leaders, and consumers. It is essential to be taken into consideration when discussing gender equity and gender mainstreaming.</em> <em>Rural women play a significant role in each of the four components of food security: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Therefore, this study explores the different contributions that rural women make as the key contributor of achieving and enhancing domestic food security.</em> <em>Women who currently reside in rural south Punjab, Pakistan, aged 18 to 60, make up the study's population.</em> <em>A well-structured interview schedule was used to obtain primary data from 200 houses in the research area. For the purpose of gathering data, a multistage random sampling technique was used. Dera Ghazi Khan and Jampur were the two randomly chosen districts. Two tehsils were randomly chosen for the second stage. In the third step, five villages were selected at random from each tehsil. The data analysis employed both descriptive statistics and the logit regression model. Results show that women contributed to domestic food security through their involvement in food production and preparation, the purchase of food products for intake and storage.</em> <em>According to empirical findings, 40% of households were food secure while 60% of households experienced food insecurity. The outcome also shows that household food security in the research area was significantly influenced by age, education, income, and household size.</em> <em>Study suggested that women's education, knowledge about food consumption and paid employment status should be improved for increasing domestic food security.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>KEYWORDS</p><div><p>Rural women, providing and increasing, domestic food and nutrition security, south Punjab Pakistan. </p></div>Amara AmmanMadiha NazTafoor AmjadTahir AbbasDr. Saima Afzal
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2023-06-302023-06-3012120121010.21015/vtess.v11i2.1572Hijab Row Karnataka, India 2022: A Multimodal Analysis of Political Cartoons Related to Hijab Controversy with a Social Semiotic Approach
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1567
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="271"><div><p class="Normal1"><em>Political cartoons have been widely analyzed in social and media studies to explore socio-political ideologies and agendas implicit in them. This paper attempts to focus on the Hijab row which took place in Karnataka, India in February 2022 and analyses it through the cartoons published on this issue. The paper adopts multimodal approach for analysis as presented by kress and van Leeuwen (1996) and later explained by David Machin (2006). Qualitative method based on semiotic approach with focus on the specific type of composition, was adopted to study each cartoon. The results showed that placement of different elements within a composition is a smart tool in the hands to cartoonists to express their opinion on the issue and shape the opinion of audience. The study proves cartoons are a clever way to address sensitive social and religious issues which may not be indulged in easily otherwise. This study enhances the understanding of Hijab issue from different perspectives and analyzes specifically how cartoons are used to present the case strongly in favor of one opinion or the other</em>. <em>The paper makes significant contribution of analyzing cartoons through Composition Analysis Model which was used earlier, mostly for advertisements and photos analysis and never for political cartoons.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Fariha Asghar RaoSarwat AwanTanveer Baig
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2023-06-302023-06-3012117718610.21015/vtess.v11i2.1567Structural Factors Hinder Sustainable Employment of Visually Impaired Persons: A Qualitative Approach
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1564
<div><table width="683" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="261"><div><p><em>One of the basic rights of human beings is to gain sustainable employment, in which both parties i.e. employee and employer gain mutual benefit. It is the duty of employer and organization to facilitate their visually impaired employees with accessible and comfortable structural factors. The basic aim of this study was to explore “structural factors hinder sustainable employment of visually impaired persons”. Study aimed to investigate the basic objective i.e. exploration of structural factors hinders sustainable employment of visually impaired persons. Study was qualitative in nature. Case study was used as research design. Qualitative research paradigm was used for in-depth study of structural factors hinder sustainable employment of visually impaired persons. The population of this study comprised of visually impaired employees from special education school department and higher education institutions. Sample was selected by using purposive sampling technique. A sample of 15 employees with visual impairment were selected from different educational institutions. A semi-structured interview protocol was used as a research instrument. Interview protocol was validated by field experts. Researcher approached respondents, take their consent and administer semi-structured interview. Interviews were recorded with consent of respondents and field notes were also noted. Thematic analysis technique was used to analyze the qualitative data. It was concluded that visually impaired employees face structural barriers hinder their employment at work place.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Faiza JaleelProf. Dr. Abid Hussain Ch.
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2023-06-302023-06-3012114615610.21015/vtess.v11i2.1564Relationship between Teacher Financial Stability and Effective Teaching
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1561
<div><table width="684" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="273"><div><p><em>Effective teaching system is the demand of current ultramodern world and teacher is one of the important pillars to make the teaching effective, it will be possible only if the teachers are satisfying regarding their profession in every aspect. To measure the teacher teaching effectiveness, teacher financial stability and their relationship, the quantity survey research was conducted in the district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population of the study was primary school teacher both male and female, data were collected from 372 primary school teachers in which 243 (65%) were male and 129 (35%) were female. The data was collected through self-developed questionnaire. The data were collected through multi stage simple sampling technique by using lottery method. For the analysis of the data descriptive and inferential statistics were used through SPSS version 25 and for the establishment of relationship Pearson Correlation Coefficient was calculated. The cumulative mean score 3.64 show that the teachers were disagreed about their financial stability and the cumulative mean score1.87 show that the teachers and their teaching were found effective. The value of coefficient of Pearson correlation .030 showed that there is very weak positive or no relationship between the teacher financial stability and teacher teaching effectiveness. The study will be helpful for teacher as well as students and the policy maker for teacher remuneration and pay.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Farooq Nawaz KhanAyaz AhmadJamil Ahmad
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2023-06-302023-06-3012121121710.21015/vtess.v11i2.1561Exploring Syed Sher Ali Bacha's Impact on Politics and Progressive Literature as Marxist Leader, Writer, and Poet in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1558
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="267"><div><p><em>Syed Sher Ali Bacha (1935-98) is one of the Pakhtun Marxist politicians who played a leading role in the leftist politics in the then NWFP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). He is known for his scholastic approach toward solution of Pakhtun problems because he drew insights from the Marxist philosophy of dialectical and historical materialism while approaching social, economic, and political issues of Pakhtun. He had resurrected the tradition of study circles in Pakhtun society. He was also the founding member and first General Secretary of two leftist political parties; Mazdoor Kisan Party (MKP) and Pakhtunkhwa Mili Awami Party (PMAP). Thus, his entire political career spanning over a four-decades, was devoted to left wing politics and peasant movements in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which is explicit in his long struggle in leftist political parties like, National Awami Party (NAP), MKP, and in later part in PMAP. This research paper focuses on his writings on class difference and social inequality, as well as on his vision of creating unity among Pakhtun belt. The Communist Party of India (CPI), which was the first leftist political party of undivided India and was established in Soviet Tashkent in 1920s by émigré revolutionaries, had also notable figure like Muhammad Shafiq (Secretary of CPI), and other émigré Muhajirin from the then NWFP.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Dr. Mohammad AyazDr. Noor-Ul- AminFayyaz Ali
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2023-06-302023-06-30121849010.21015/vtess.v11i2.1558Exploring the Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on English Language Instruction at Secondary Schools in Faisalabad: A Survey Study
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1555
<div><table width="686" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="258"><div><p><em>In the modern world of innovativeness, ICT has a keen importance in the educational field. The study dealt with the perception of teachers about ICT for teaching the English language at the secondary school level in Faisalabad. The rationale of the study was based on the objectives of understanding the perceptions of teachers about the usage of ICT and how learners perceive the incorporation of ICT in education. ICT is not confined to a set of new technologies used in EFL classrooms; rather, it has innovated new pedagogical approaches to both teaching and learning in EFL settings. The research was conducted to assess the impact of ICT technology in EFL classrooms, how it was helpful for the learning and teaching process and the way it innovated pedagogical approaches. The study dealt with perceptions about the incorporation of ICT due to the current progressive era. This study examined the aspects of the incorporation of ICT and the attitudes of learners and teachers toward ICT. Twenty-five English teachers participated in the research, and a survey questionnaire was completed by using Google Forms. SPSS along with Microsoft Excel was used to analyse the data. The outcomes of the study revealed positive attitudes of teachers towards the usage of ICT.</em><em></em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Muhammad Shaharyar SabiriUmm e RubabRahat BatoolRai Hassan IqbalAhmad Farid
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2023-06-302023-06-3012113114510.21015/vtess.v11i2.1555Challenges of E-Learning for Undergraduate Students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1553
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="252"><div><p><em>The current study examines the challenges of E-learning for undergraduate students of English in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study employed a mixed-method research design that utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected from undergraduate students of English through questionnaires and interviews. The SPSS Version 29 was used to analyze quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The results revealed that weak internet connection, financial issues, lack of concentration, lack of guidance, and lack of technological skills were the main challenges faced by undergraduate English Language students in Pakistan. In addition to it, results suggested the need for organizing proper training for both teachers and students, provision of up-to-date technology tools to all students, better internet service provision and timely and detailed feedback from teacher’s side to improve the quality of online learning. Moreover, it is also suggested that instructors should work on to improve student interaction and participation in online classes.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Hafsa MushtaqMujahid Shah
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2023-06-302023-06-3012121822910.21015/vtess.v11i2.1553Relationship between Parental Supervision and Juvenile Delinquency: A Qualitative Study of South Punjab Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1549
<div><table width="684" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="340"><div><p><em>Children became delinquent when they commit any prohibited action, they are considered juveniles because of the age factor. The most important purpose of the study was to investigate juvenile delinquency and parental supervision. The second goal of the study was to explore the relationship between socioeconomic uncertainty and juvenile delinquency. The last target of this research was to examine the psychological impact on juveniles. The qualitative approach was adopted to precede this research. Convenience sampling was used and data was collected through an interview guide. For the interview guide, some close-ended and some open-ended questions were formulated. Every jailed person was not targeted but only those children were included who were under the age of 18 years. The case study was used in this qualitative research and the total sample size was 20 respondents’ juveniles from Muzaffarghar and Layyah jails. The most important and relevant results in this research were lack of parental supervision, socialization, psychological impacts, educational background, societal framework and peer groups which was considered the most important factor because children learn different kind of acts from their age fellows. Economic condition was also a major factor for juveniles to commit delinquent behavior. Poverty was the leading factor that was also investigated in this research. The research identified that family institution was a significant structure to control delinquent behavior and play a key role in the socialization of the children because the parent can guide their children and socialize their children to respect the rights of others. The cause of delinquent behavior was parental absence at home due to different reasons and the most common reason was earning bread. This lack of involvement by parents increases the risk factor of delinquency.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Parental Supervision, Juvenile Delinquency, Socialization, Psychological Impact, socio-economic instability, Poor Educational Background, Lack of Financial resources and societal framework.</p>Ghulam SidraDr. Saima AfzalSyed Muhammad Ahmad GillaniNabeela FarahMuhammad Adnan Sial
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2023-06-302023-06-30121768310.21015/vtess.v11i2.1549Impact of American Literature on Behaviour of the Students of Public Sector Colleges of Kotli AJ&K
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1548
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="253"><div><p><em>The study investigates the impact of American literature taught to the students of Intermediate 1st year from their Book 1 syllabus at Public sector colleges of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Most of the themes of the syllabus are established on tolerance, mutual respect, sacrifice and love for humanity, and this is hypothesized that key elements of the literature put positive impact on the behaviour of the learners. In this respect, the students of 1st year were selected to discover the impact of American literature on their social attitudes. To validate the research endeavour, 500 male students and 210 female students were selected from 20 public sector colleges of Kotli as a sample by using convenient sampling technique. Close-ended questionnaire was used as the tool of data collection which was developed on five-point Likert Scale. To determine the validity of the research tool, the value of internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha) was found 0.823. The obtained data was analysed through simple statistical tools. The findings indicate that the students showed lack of tolerance and forgiveness to others which is an indication that some other factors are influencing their social attitude. Moreover, they represented excessive self- priority and at a greater scale, they justified their personal point of view instead of giving a proportionate space to others. </em><em></em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Dr. Arshad MehmoodShabina RashidDr Muhammad Asghar Ali
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2023-06-302023-06-3012115716610.21015/vtess.v11i2.1548Semiotics and Gender Representation in Pakistani TVCs: Unraveling the Hidden Messages
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1545
<div><table width="680" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="249"><div><p><em>This study scrutinizes the portrayal of gender identity in Pakistani television commercials, shedding insight on the intricate process of co-constructed understanding within this context. Leveraging Gillian Dyer's seminal semiotic framework, the research investigates how symbols, visual metaphors, and icons communicate and shape gender realities. Through a qualitative research design, a sample of seven Television commercials, from prominent Pakistani channels has been examined to critically analyze the stereotypical perceptions of gender and traditional narratives. The findings illuminate the transformative potential of these advertisements, as they defy patriarchal ideologies and inspire gender equality. This research not only contributes to the advancement of gender discourse but also provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to foster an inclusive society that embraces diverse expressions of gender identity. Ultimately, this study showcases the indelible influence of Pakistani television commercials in shaping perceptions of gender and forging a path toward a more enlightened and equitable future.<strong></strong></em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Fahad MustafaDr. Maliha Ameen
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2023-06-302023-06-3012110011910.21015/vtess.v11i2.1545Exploring factors influencing parents' attitude towards primary level education in District Harnai, Baluchistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1537
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="326"><div><p><em>The current study was conducted to </em><em>explore the Factors Affecting Parents Attitude towards Their Children Education at Primary Level in District Harnai-Baluchistan</em><em>. The main objective of study was to assess the factors which influenced the parental attitude towards their kid’s education. It was cross sectional study; the study population was parents of children studying in the public and private schools. The sample size consisted of 260 parents. </em><em>A predesigned well-structured questionnaire was used. It consists of four sections; the first section described demographic data. the questions in the second part are on parents' attitudes about education. with four-point Likert Scale (1=strongly disagree 2= Disagree, 3= Agree, 4=Strongly Agree). Third section consists of questions Parent Involvement with five-point Likert scale (1=Strongly Disagree, to 5= Strongly agree). Fourth section consists of questions related to Factors Involving Students’ academic achievement. The items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale of strongly disagree (=1) to strongly agree (=5). Collected data were analyzed by using t-test, One Way ANOVA and regression analysis. The result showed that parental attitude has 63.3% relations towards children academic success. Parental interest in and support of their children's education was found to be crucial to their children's academic success. Parents' perspectives on education, involvement in their children's education, and academic success vary by gender, age, education, number of children, and socioeconomic status. The key causes that impede the literacy rate have preoccupied the minds of the parents, who have subsequently shaped their children's outlook. In conclusion, it is clear from studying parents' perspectives that they are highly susceptible to social pressures, as the vast majority of them are themselves uneducated and unaware of the value of a good education for their children. Based on findings it was recommended that institutions must take the appropriate steps to ensure that parents are encouraged to participate in the education of their children and the development of their reading abilities.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Zahoor Khan TareenDr. Rahmat Ullah BhattiMuhammad Waseem
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2023-06-302023-06-30121919910.21015/vtess.v11i2.1537Quality Standards of Qualitative Research in Applied Linguistics: A Conceptual Review
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1528
<div><table width="680" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="229"><div><p>This study inspects different dimensions of ensuring standards in qualitative research within the field of applied linguistics. It presents a conceptual review of already established key quality standards of qualitative research, their application, their significance followed by the recommendations to ensure quality standards in applied linguistics qualitative research. For this purpose, the researchers have considered journal articles, book chapters and books published between 2002 and 2023 on digital databases to examine the key standards of ensuring trustworthiness and their application in the field of applied linguistics qualitative research. The study presents recommendations for novice researchers who are attempting to conduct qualitative studies ensuring the maximum level of trustworthiness and credibility and making their studies sound in terms of quality standards.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Sidra AwanUrooj YahyaMahwish Arif
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2023-06-302023-06-30121687510.21015/vtess.v11i2.1528Exploring the Impact of Excessive Teacher Talk Time on Participation and Learning of English Language Learners
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1519
<div><table width="684" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="240"><div><p>This paper explores the imbalance between teacher talk time (TTT) and student talk time (STT) in Pakistani colleges intermediate English language classrooms. The objective of the study is twofold: to trace the talk time imbalance and to suggest balance. This qualitative research is significant as it deals the most essential aspect of English language teaching and learning that is the students' participation and interest in classroom interactions. The data was collected through classroom observations and semi structured interviews by the intermediate English teachers and students of public and private colleges.50 teachers and 200 students participated in the study. A pilot study was also done. The qualitative data analyses led to the results that Pakistani English language teachers use excessive talk and students are almost denied talk time. These practices have negative impacts on students' learning, motivation, participation and personality. The imbalance in teacher talk time (TTT) and student talk time (STT) needs to be balanced for effective interactions and quality education.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Amir Hafeez MalikMuhammad Akbar JalallShozab Ali Raza AbbasiAbdul Rashid
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2023-06-302023-06-30121465510.21015/vtess.v11i2.1519Money Management Skills Development of Children with Mild Intellectual Disabilities through Blended Learning Instructional Design versus Conventional Teaching
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1517
<em>One of the major purposes of education is to equip people with disabilities with all the skills required to live as independently as possible in their community. Money management skill is one of the important skill of independent living skill. The objective of the study was to enhance the money management skills of children with mild intellectual disabilities through blended learning instructional design and a comparison of the effectiveness of blended learning instructional design vs conventional teaching methods. All 8-12 years old children with mild intellectual disabilities studying in semi-government and government schools in Rawalpindi were the population of the study. The two stages were followed to get the sample of 26 students. In the experimental group, about 13 students received intervention using a station rotation model of blended learning instructional design, while the control group received conventional teaching Pre-tests were administered to both groups and after a two-week intervention, post-tests were conducted. Independent t-tests and paired sample t-tests were used to analyse the results. The findings revealed that blended learning instructional design was effective in teaching money management skill development.</em> <em>It also indicated that children who received instruction in money management through blended learning performed significantly better than those who received conventional teaching.</em><em> It was recommended that to teach functional mathematical skills, a blended learning instructional design should be used.</em>Misbah RehmanHina Noor
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2023-06-242023-06-24121283510.21015/vtess.v11i2.1517Identification of Challenges in Creating an Inclusive Educational Environment for Minority (Religious, Cultural) Students
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1513
<div><table width="686" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="246"><div><p><em>Inclusive education has become a global priority to ensure equal educational opportunities for all students, regardless of their backgrounds. The study highlights gaps in existing programs and stresses the need for diverse perspectives and strategies to promote inclusivity in Pakistan. This study uses a quantitative descriptive survey approach to examine the challenges that minority students encounter in achieving inclusivity in education. A survey is administered to minority students (religious & cultural) to gather data on their perceptions on five factors discrimination in the classroom, inadequate teacher training/ lack of cultural and religious sensitivity in teaching, lack of representation, lack of inclusive curriculum and language barriers. Descriptive statistics will analyze data to identify challenges for minority students in creating an inclusive educational environment. The study will recommend ways to promote inclusivity in education for minority students in Pakistan. The study highlights the significance of teacher training, curriculum development, and addressing challenges for improvement in creating inclusive learning environment.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Rahimah HashmiSamra BashirHussain Sajjad HashmiJahanzaib Awan
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2023-06-282023-06-28121364510.21015/vtess.v11i2.1513What are Primary Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices for Boosting Students Creativity and Critical Thinking Skills in Primary Level?
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1510
<p><em>Primary teachers play a vital role in fostering creativity and critical thinking skills in their students. By understanding their beliefs and practices, we can gain insight into how to create an environment that supports the development of these skills. Through different activities that promote collaboration, questioning, and creative expression, primary teachers strive to create an atmosphere that encourages students to take risks and explore their own ideas. The study looked into how primary school teachers boost students' creativity and critical thinking skills. What are teachers' beliefs, practices, and understanding of fostering students' creativity and critical thinking in primary education? Teachers have a crucial role in the formation of students' creativity and the development of their critical skills at an early age. For this purpose, the study was carried out in the district of Shangla. The design of the study was quantitative and descriptive in nature.</em> <em>We received a total of 350 questionnaires, of which 320 complete questionnaires regarding primary teachers' beliefs and practices were investigated. The data were collected by a self-developed questionnaire through Google Forms. Primary school teachers believe that developing creativity and critical thinking skills is essential for academic performance and personal growth. They employ a variety of educational strategies, including project-based learning and problem-solving tasks. However, obstacles such as high class sizes and a lack of resources impede implementation. Despite these challenges, there is a link between instructors' focus on creativity and student achievement. This study highlights the importance of teacher professional development programs for creativity and critical thinking instruction. It suggests that understanding teachers' beliefs and practices can inform curriculum development, allowing schools to align educational objectives with real-world demands. The positive correlation between teacher practices and student outcomes emphasizes the significance of cultivating creativity and critical thinking skills in primary education. This contribution to a country's economic and societal competitiveness is substantial</em></p>Sher Alam KhanDr. Giorgio PolettiDr. Farooq Nawaz KhanZubida Hassan
Copyright (c) 2024 VFAST Transactions on Education and Social Sciences
2023-06-302023-06-3012124425110.21015/vtess.v11i2.1510Unleashing the 4th Wave: Exploring the Battle against Body Shaming through Feminist Social Media and Action Research in Twitter: A Comprehensive Analysis of Blind Chances and Empowering Outcomes
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1508
<div><table width="680" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="222"><div><p><em>A posterior of vulgarization, in the dramatis personae of feminism has eclipsed the world, in general, and Pakistan, in particular. The imminence of social media is epicyclical, as chunking of stimulating and non-stimulating environments regarding fourth (Feminism 4.0) has been done to analyze its manifesto against; sexual assaults, rape culture, and body shaming. This is a redolent study of justice possibilities massive connectivity, mobilization, and collectiveness under the ‘Feminist Social Research’ and ‘Action Research’ outlook, keeping social media as a pivot. The conclusive discussion has appraisingly tapped social media, overcoming iniquitous issues by focusing on locutions: ‘hypothetical’, ‘disjunctive’, ‘problematic’, or ‘universal’ predicated on mainstream ethical modalities. Moreover, the unpretentious approach of social media has been encouraged as an outer hunch to second paralogisms and synthesizing antinomies to stop embittered impartiality in personality; spirituality, animality, and psycho-physiological rationalism. </em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Bishama KhanDr. Farasat RasoolMaliha Ameen
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2023-06-302023-06-30121566710.21015/vtess.v11i2.1508Prevalence of children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder in Islamabad Capital Territory and Punjab
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1490
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="278"><div><p><em>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ranges from high to low levels of functioning. Children with High Functioning Autism (HFA) have no intellectual disability and Low Functioning Autism (LFA) have an intellectual disability. It is mandatory to identify the functioning level of children with Autism for successful inclusion. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the prevalence of children with HFASD. The study was descriptive with a survey research design. All the confirmed and diagnosed children with ASD in Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) and Punjab special education institutes were the population and sample of the study. Two versions of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) developed by Baron-Cohen et al., (2001), AQ Child and Adolescent Versions were used to screen out children with HFA and LFA. The tool was translated into the Urdu language for ease of use in the Pakistani context and validated by the experts. The data was collected in both soft (Google form) and hard form. The findings of the study revealed that 78% of children were found with HFASD in Child Version and 62% with HFA in Adolescent Version. A significant difference was found between the male and female children with ASD in the AQ Child version whereas a significant difference was found in the scores of younger and older children, and the number of years of enrolment in schools in the AQ Adolescent version. Other demographic variables i.e., parental qualification, economic status, number of siblings, and birth orders were not the source of variation either for the Child version or the Adolescent version of AQ</em>. <em></em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Imran NazirHina Noor
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2023-06-032023-06-03121011210.21015/vtess.v11i2.1490Effectiveness of Foreign Aid and Tax Revenue on Economic Growth of Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1476
<div><table width="674" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="241"><div><p>Economic growth is defined as the increase in the production of economic goods and services over time. This paper examines the impact of foreign aid and tax revenue on economic growth in Pakistan. Additionally, it explores how we can enhance the economic growth rate through improvements in the taxation system and by reducing dependence on foreign aid. Both domestic revenue and foreign aid serve as sources of development financing, and both tax revenue and foreign aid have an impact on economic growth. The empirical analysis is based on secondary data, specifically time series data from the period 1975-2018. The Johnson co-integration estimation . Study employs the ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) Bound testing approach to explore the relationship between economic growth and other dependent variables, including tax revenue, capital formation, government expenditure, per capita income, and foreign aid. The results of the ARDL model indicate that foreign aid has a positive impact on economic growth in Pakistan. Government expenditure and per capita income also have a positive influence on economic growth, while taxes and capital formation negatively affect economic growth in Pakistan.</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Nasreen AkhtarSadia AnjumGhulam AbbasMuhammad Asif Idrees
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2023-06-302023-06-3012112013010.21015/vtess.v11i2.1476Comparison of Perceptions of the Students and Teachers Concerning Causes of Dropout of Students at Secondary Level
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1468
<div><table width="686" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="261"><div><p><em>School dropout is a significant problem currently facing developing countries. The objective of this study was to examine the perspectives of teachers and students on the causes of early school leaving at the secondary school level. The population of this study included all secondary school students and teachers in the Rawalpindi District. A sample size of 80 teachers and 120 students was selected using a multi-level random sampling technique. Data was collected from teachers and students using a self-developed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were applied. The results show that there are differences in the views of students and teachers on the reasons for dropping out, including abuse/verbal warnings, the imposition of fines, the allocation of extra homework and strict rules. Both teachers and students agree that social boycotts, extra assignments, deprivation of rewards, detention of students after school, and removal of students from the classroom all contribute to early school leaving. It is recommended that school leaders and teachers create an encouraging and relaxed environment, both in the school and in the classroom, that enables students to find it conducive to learning. place to learn.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Dr. Fareena NazimDr. Uzma BatoolMuhammad Adnan Riaz
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2023-06-062023-06-06121131910.21015/vtess.v11i2.1468Blended Learning's Effects on Teenagers' Secondary-Level Academic Performance in the matter of Chemistry
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1458
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="291"><div><p><em>Different technological approaches are widely used in this technologically advanced era to ensure interactive engagement and communication during the instructional process in order to deliver and understand the content materials effectively and to make the teaching-learning process more effective, successful, and productive. Therefore, the aim/goal of this paper was to investigate how the hybrid learning model affected adolescents' academic performance in secondary-level chemistry. Due to cultural barriers, the study was restricted to only male adolescents. Therefore, only 50 Grade 10 students from Government Boys High School Khurram (Karak) were chosen at random for this study. Data collection utilized an equivalent group’s pretest-posttest design. In this experimental study, the blended learning face-to-face driver model was employed. The control group received traditional instruction, while the experimental group underwent a blended learning approach using a face-to-face driver model. The experiment was finished in two months. A post-test was then scheduled to evaluate the academic progress of both groups. The data was examined using the independent samples t-test, the standard deviation and mean, the. The outcomes showed that the blending learning model has a favorable impact on students' academic success in chemistry. Additionally, it significantly improves each rank of the cognitive realm of Bloom's Taxonomy for chemistry. As a result, it is advised that science teachers use a blended learning approach rather than the conventional one to raise students' academic achievement.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Dr. Uzma MunawarDr Abdul Rehman KhanDr Qaiser SulemanMehwish Muhammad Ali
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2023-03-312023-03-3112123124510.21015/vtess.v11i1.1458Teachers’ Perceived Gender Equality in Educational Opportunities at Secondary School Level
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1455
<p>The aim of this study was to highlight teacher’s perceived gender equality in educational opportunities at secondary level. Female education in Pakistan is critical for achieving quality learning because there is a significant gender gap in education, particularly in the rural sector. The design chosen for this study was descriptive. The population for this study included all secondary school teachers and Subject Specialists in the Multan district who worked in the school education department. The sample was chosen using a stratified sampling procedure and a sample of 508 teachers representing all four tehsils of Multan district was selected. This study examined factors affecting female and male secondary education, including girls' limited course choices, gender differences in course selection, social violence against women and girls' education, period poverty, and stigma. It was recommended that regular in-service training for the management of need and utilization of computer in special school and special advocacy/awareness campaigns should be launched to increase the awareness about gender equality in educational opportunities at secondary level.</p>Muhammad Javed AftabShahbaz AliNavid Ur Rehman
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2023-03-312023-03-3112116617210.21015/vtess.v11i1.1455Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Method in Developing Metacognitive Knowledge at Secondary School Level
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1453
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="285"><div><p><em>This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Problem-Solving Method (PSM)by using the acronym IDEAL in developing metacognitive knowledge at secondary level. The research was modeled in experiment-control groups design. A random selection of 120 students was taken from grade IX in the subject of General Science. These schools were randomly selected from the district on tehsil bases. 60 students from each school were divided into both control and experimental groups 30 students each randomly. The Revised Metacognitive Assessment Inventory (RMAI) was used to determine students’ metacognitive knowledge i.e., declarative, procedural and conditional knowledge. An Independent Samples t-test was used for analysis of the data. The lecture method was used in the control groups while the PSM was employed in the experimental group. The post-test results of the experimental and control groups on the bases of knowledge about cognition i.e., declarative, procedural and condition knowledge shows the difference was significant to reject the null hypothesis of H01 to H04 confirming a significant difference between the post-test of experimental groups taught through lecture and problem-solving method. The significant difference between the mean scores of both tests shows that students taught through the problem-solving method had prominent increase in metacognitive knowledge i.e., declarative procedural and conditional knowledge.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Ali Abbas SajidDr. Sidra Rizwan
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2023-03-312023-03-3112117317910.21015/vtess.v11i1.1453Elementary Students’ Difficulties in English Learning: A Case Study of Elementary Schools in Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1452
<em>The study explored the elementary school student’s perception of improvement in the English language. The research was quantitative. The main objective is to investigate what techniques students use to improve their English. Moreover, find the difference of opinion between males and females regarding English improvement. Moreover, find the differences of opinion among public and private elementary school students. The study's population was elementary school students in Lahore, selected by a convenient sampling method. The study sample was 300 male and female elementary school students from Lahore. The researcher uses a self-developed questionnaire for students. For data collection, a questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was adapted to explore secondary school students' perception of improvement in the English language. The tool consisted of a six-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was divided into two parts; the 1st part consisted of demographic variables (gender, types of schools, and age). Data were analyzed through SPSS by applying descriptive frequency distribution, one-way ANOVA, and t-test. Based on data analysis, it was found that a significant percentage of students engage in various self-directed English learning activities, such as reviewing their work (29.3%), seeking opportunities to use English outside of class (22.8%), and practicing pronunciation through reading aloud (26.7%). Additionally, many students use strategies such as looking up words in dictionaries (24.4%) and paying attention to errors when writing or speaking (26.4%) to improve their language skills. Moreover, there was no significant difference between secondary students categorized on a gender basis and also not found a significant difference between students of private and public schools. However, significance was found between different groups of ages</em>Rimsha kainatDr Muhammad Aamir HashmiDr. Ambreen Siddique
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2023-03-312023-03-3112119220110.21015/vtess.v11i1.1452Investigating the Role of English as a Second Language in Supporting Career Development at Tertiary Level Education in Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1451
<div><table width="686" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="277"><div><p><em>This study has taken the initiation to focus on the interrelatedness and discontinuity of ESL among the students of</em><em> </em><em>f</em><em>our leading International universities: Punjab University, Lahore College for Women University, University of Management and Technology, and the University of Central Punjab. </em><em>To observe the usage of ESL competencies in information searching, contrivance treatment, and construction for research purposes, and for applied intercultural professionalism, communication accommodation theory with career development indicators has been applied. A questionnaire (α = .702), comprising 37 statements based upon six domains was administered. The data was collected from 850 students of different degree programs in journalism and mass communication discipline. ANOVA (one-way) and t-tests (Independent Samples) were brought into play to find out the relationship between the study’s variables. Both government-regulated and non-government varsities bespoke similarities feting positive treatment of ESL’s functions while managing its impact according to their atmospheric obligations. The students of PU and LCWU proportionately adjudged second language more as confluent, dispenser, endorser, broker, liaison, and facilitator to be the source of providence for media in Pakistan as compared to the students of UMT and UCP. Overall results show that students took more precedence over practice patterns of ESL in their career building.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Maliha AmeenNoshina SaleemInamUllah Taj
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2023-03-312023-03-3112118019110.21015/vtess.v11i1.1451Examining Undergraduates’ Perspectives on Course-based Outcomes of Service-Learning from Vocational Education Context
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1449
<div><table width="684" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="279"><div><p><em>Service-learning is an emerging teaching and learning approach. It promises numerous academic outcomes for students, teachers, and communities. However, findings of previous studies are mixed and inconclusive about the service-learning outcomes in terms of gender, ethnicity and type of courses. The existing studies have mostly been conducted in general education field. There is insufficient evidence about its outcomes for students of vocational education. Hence, further investigation is warranted to assess its contributions for students of vocational education. This study investigated the impact of service-learning on course-based outcomes of students in vocational education. Using a survey approach, data were collected from 100 students who happened to attend a service-learning course in vocational training institutes of Punjab, Pakistan. Factor analysis was computed for instrument validation. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were calculated under inferential statistics to analyze the collected data. The results showed a mixed effect of service-learning on course outcomes of students in terms of gender. The students showed better improvement in mastery of course work content but did not demonstrate significant work related to team skills enhancement. Future research is recommended to validate the results of this study in other contexts for further understanding the contributions of service-learning regarding course-based outcomes.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Dr. Iqbal AhmadDr. Farah DeebaDr. Muhammad Aqeel Raza
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2023-03-312023-03-3112115516510.21015/vtess.v11i1.1449Linguistic Accommodation in Multilingual Conversations: A Cross-Cultural Study of Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1448
<p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cultural values and communication styles in Pakistan. To achieve this aim, a sociolinguistic approach was adopted, and participants were selected from diverse cultural backgrounds across the country, including KPK, Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh, Gilgit Baltistan, and AJK. The study used a qualitative research design, specifically semi-structured interviews, to collect data. This approach allowed for an in-depth exploration of the participants' communication experiences and cultural values, providing rich insights into the intersection of culture and communication. The findings of the study highlight the significant impact of cultural values on communication styles in Pakistan. The study identified that people from different cultural backgrounds have distinct communication styles, which are shaped by their cultural values. For instance, the study found that collectivist cultures tend to use indirect communication styles and avoid direct conflict, while high-context cultures require more attention to nonverbal cues for effective communication. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the relationship between cultural values and communication styles in Pakistan. The findings have implications for individuals and organizations seeking to navigate intercultural communication in the country and contribute to the broader literature on culture and communication. The study's methodology and approach can also serve as a useful model for future research on intercultural communication in other contexts.</p>Samina BashirRehana AshrafAyesha Khaliq
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2023-03-312023-03-3112114915410.21015/vtess.v11i1.1448Exploring Pedagogical Inadequacies in Current Teaching Practices in ESL Classroom at College Level: The Students’ perspective
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1447
<div><table width="686" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="252"><div><p><em>English language teaching and learning remain the focus of the academic system as English is a compulsory subject for all learners at college level. The success and smoothness of English language pedagogy depends largely on the active role of ELT teachers simply because of their dominant role inside classrooms. This paper presents a comprehensive view of pedagogical inadequacies in ESL classrooms at the college level in Punjab, Pakistan. This study is quantitative and the data has been collected through a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to 250 students of public and private colleges of district Multan. Out of 250 students, 220 students responded questionnaire. The findings of the study proved that we are practicing inadequate pedagogical methods which are the root cause of learners’ dissatisfaction and poor quality of education. Quality teaching always remains a dream without enriching the teaching skills of the teachers that is only possible by removing the inadequacies in pedagogy. A revision of our pedagogical practices is suggested in the light of the analyzed data and drawn conclusion of the present study.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Amir Hafeez MalikFozia RamzanShahida ParveenAbdul Rashid
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2023-03-312023-03-3112122023010.21015/vtess.v11i1.1447Explore the Effectiveness of Assessment Policy Framework (APF) 2019: Students’ Learning at Elementary Level in Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1446
<div><table width="684" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="233"><div><p>T<em>he objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of APF 2019 in enhancing learning outcomes for primary school students and to pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of the elementary education system under APF 2019. The study emphasizes the significance of qualitative research in comprehending the effectiveness of pedagogical policies and practices. The research employed a qualitative methodology, which involved interviews with students. The findings of the study indicate that APF 2019 has several benefits, such as providing lucid guidelines for assessment practices, prioritizing student-centred assessment, and emphasizing formative assessment. However, the study also found limitations of APF 2019, including insufficient resources and support for effective implementation, the likelihood of assessment practices becoming standardized and homogenized, and the restricted flexibility for catering to various learning requirements. The research suggests that the successful implementation of APF 2019 necessitates adequate resources and support and the balance between standardization and flexibility while prioritizing student-centred assessment practices.</em><em></em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Muhammad TayyabDr. Khawaja Hisham ul HussanMahboob Ahmad
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2023-03-282023-03-2812114214810.21015/vtess.v11i1.1446Impact of Body Appreciation and Social Appearance Anxiety on Life Satisfaction among Young Adults
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1441
<div><table width="684" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="285"><div><p><em>This study was intended to investigate the impact of body appreciation and social appearance anxiety on life satisfaction among young adults. The aim of this study was to determine whether body appreciation impacts the young adults life satisfaction and they feel social appearance anxiety or not. Total 600 participants including </em>300<em> males and 300 females, having age range of 18-41 years from Islamabad and Rawalpindi were selected. Purposive sampling technique was used for research purpose. The Body Appreciation Scale (TL. Tylka., 2015), Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (Levinson 2013), and life satisfaction scale (Diener et al., 1985) administered on the participants of the study. For the purpose of testing hypothesis, Pearson Correlation, T-Test analysis and linear regression analysis were used. The finding of the current study suggests that young adults faced body appreciation problems. Our findings revealed that social appearance anxiety negatively predicted life satisfaction. It also indicated that there was significant positive correlation between body appreciation and life satisfaction. The results also demonstrated that females scored higher on social appearance anxiety as compared to males. This study will be helpful for young adults to understand the impact of body appreciation and social appearance anxiety on life satisfaction. This study will also highlight that how body appreciation will impact our life and increase anxiety level.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Siddiqa NazAyesha MalikMalaika FarooqBushra Waseem
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2023-03-312023-03-3112120821910.21015/vtess.v11i1.1441Teaching Competencies and Classroom Performance of University Teachers: Soft Skills as a Mediator
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1437
<p><em>Soft skills are personal qualities that enable teachers to better engage with students. The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of soft skills as a mediator in the relationship between teaching competencies and classroom performance among university teachers. This study was quantitative and followed the positivist research paradigm. The researchers selected the study sample using multistage sampling. Two questionnaires and an observation sheet were used in this study. Researchers collected data from 132 public-sector university teachers in southern Punjab. SPSS and PROCESS macro were used to analyze the data. The data was analyzed using mediation analysis. The major conclusion of this study was that all the variables (teaching competencies, soft skills, and classroom performance) had a significant relationship, and soft skills also mediated between teaching competencies and classroom performance of university teachers. The major recommendation of the study is that future researchers include variables that may influence the performance of teachers in the classroom, such as job satisfaction, work discipline, motivation, and so forth, and also change the indicators for teaching competencies and soft skills.</em></p>Amna SaleemDr. Zarina Akhtar
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2023-03-262023-03-2612111612310.21015/vtess.v11i1.1437Solid Waste Management and Willingness to Pay: An Analysis of Integrated Approach of Garbage Disposal in Multan Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1425
<div><table width="685" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="295"><div><p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> Rapid population growth in developing countries has accelerated urbanization, resulting in a slew of environmental issues. One such problem is the rapid rise in the quantities of solid waste.</em> <em>Pakistan's way of life, like the way of life in many other countries around the world, has changed. As a result of the utilisation arranged populace and ongoing utilisation driven development, squander age has increased dramatically in Pakistan. Removals are being used in an increasing number of food and non-food items. In Pakistan, solid waste management generally consists of flexible, elastic, metals, discarded food, discarded animals, glass, building material, and channel-removed material. Families, businesses, and projects all generate a lot of waste. Heavy waste is frequently generated by medical care facilities and hospitals. <strong>Objectives:</strong> The investigation of the sources and nature of solid waste generated in urban areas, analysis of current SWM practices, and examination of the socioeconomic, environmental, and health effects of solid waste management were the main goals of the study. <strong>Methodology:</strong> In this study, a quantitative research design has been chosen. The study's target population consisted of the households in a few Multan city colonies. From 385 respondent information was gathered from 4 colonies. Fitz Gibbon</em> <em>Table for determining the sample size was used. The study employs a stratified random sampling methodology. to evaluate the connection between paying and solid waste management. Questionnaires were used as the data collection tool. SPSS was used to analyze the data. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study's findings indicated that knowledge and home ownership have an impact on willingness to pay. Factors such as income, home ownership, and knowledge of solid waste management have a greater impact on willingness to pay. It was determined that there are some factors that influence a man's willingness to pay for garbage disposal.</em></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Muhammad KashifMuhamad Meesum HassanAashir KhalilDr. Saima AfzalAmbreen Fatima Khan
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2023-03-262023-03-2612112413110.21015/vtess.v11i1.1425Exploring the Role of Well-being for Improving Students’ Performance at Secondary Level in Pakistan
https://vfast.org/journals/index.php/VTESS/article/view/1418
<div><table width="686" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" height="231"><div><p><em>The present study was aimed to exploring the role of Well-being for improving students’ performance at secondary level in Pakistan. well-being included students’ happiness, positive emotions, school satisfaction and personality development. A qualitative method was used to research. The purposive random sampling technique was used for data collection. Four students were selected as participants from two schools. The participants were studying in 10<sup>th</sup> grade. The purpose of the study was to explore the opinion of students about their schools. And to explore the role of well-being for students ‘academic performance and school life satisfaction. The semi structured interviews were taken from the participants. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and thematic analysis was made. Main themes and sub themes were developed from the data. The result showed that well-being has a significant role in students’ performance in Pakistani students.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Shazia JabeenDr. Khawaja Hisham ul HassanFarhana Akmal
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2023-03-232023-03-23121616910.21015/vtess.v11i1.1418